Nokea
Causes of Down syndrome are
- A. Trisomy, deletion and non-disjunction
- B. Mosaicism, duplication and translocation
- C. Translocation, mosaicism and deletion
- D. Mosaicism, trisomy and translocation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because Down syndrome is primarily caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. This means there is an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to the characteristic features of the syndrome. Mosaicism and translocation of chromosome 21 can also result in Down syndrome, albeit less frequently. Option A includes deletion, which is not a common cause of Down syndrome. Option B lists duplication, which is not a typical mechanism for Down syndrome. Option C includes deletion and mosaicism, but trisomy is the main cause of Down syndrome, making option D the most accurate choice.
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Complications of uterine rupture:
- A. Hemorrhage, uterine atony, infection, peritonitis
- B. Preterm labor, cord prolapse, uterine prolapse
- C. Fetal distress, placental abruption, uterine rupture
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because uterine rupture can lead to severe complications such as hemorrhage from blood vessels tearing, uterine atony causing failure of the uterus to contract, infection due to exposure of internal tissues, and peritonitis from inflammation of the abdominal lining. Choices B and C are incorrect as they list complications that are not directly associated with uterine rupture. Preterm labor, cord prolapse, uterine prolapse, fetal distress, placental abruption are potential consequences of other obstetric complications but not specifically uterine rupture. Therefore, choice A is the most appropriate answer given the context of uterine rupture.
A maternal associated risk of prolonged pregnancy includes
- A. Intra-uterine oligohydramnios
- B. Placental insufficiency
- C. Fetal post-maturity syndrome
- D. Large for gestational age baby
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Placental insufficiency. Prolonged pregnancy can lead to decreased placental function, resulting in inadequate oxygen and nutrients for the fetus. This can lead to complications such as intra-uterine growth restriction and fetal distress. Option A (Intra-uterine oligohydramnios) is a consequence of decreased amniotic fluid levels but not directly associated with prolonged pregnancy. Option C (Fetal post-maturity syndrome) refers to the complications seen in a post-term newborn, not maternal risks. Option D (Large for gestational age baby) is a consequence of prolonged pregnancy but does not directly impact maternal health.
A 42-year-old woman presents to the emergency department after being raped. The AGACNP examines her and realizes that the patients husband is the rapist. The patient does not want to press charges and wants to return home with her husband. The AGACNPs initial action should be to
- A. Report the physical assault to law enforcement
- B. Have the patient sign a release to go home with her husband
- C. Consult psychiatry for a psych hold
- D. Provide counseling to the patient regarding her options Downloaded by: basil7kl | basil7kl@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct initial action for the AGACNP is to provide counseling to the patient regarding her options (Choice D). This is important to ensure the patient's safety, well-being, and autonomy. Counseling will allow the patient to explore her feelings, understand her options, and make an informed decision about her next steps. Reporting the physical assault to law enforcement (Choice A) should only be done with the patient's consent to respect her wishes. Having the patient sign a release to go home with her husband (Choice B) could potentially put the patient at risk of further harm. Consulting psychiatry for a psych hold (Choice C) may not be appropriate unless the patient is deemed a danger to herself or others.
The AGACNP is covering an internal medicine service and is paged by staff to see a patient who has just pulled out his ET tube. After the situation has been assessed, it is clear that the patient will go into respiratory failure and likely die if he is not reintubated. The patient is awake and alert and is adamant that he does not want to be reintubated. The AGACNP is concerned that there is not enough time to establish a DNRthe patient needs to be reintubated immediately and already is becoming obtunded. Which ethical principles are in conflict here?
- A. Veracity and beneficence
- B. Beneficence and nonmalfeasance
- C. Autonomy and beneficence
- D. Justice and autonomy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Veracity and beneficence. Veracity refers to truthfulness, and the AGACNP is facing a conflict between being honest with the patient about the need for reintubation (veracity) and providing beneficence by ensuring the patient receives necessary medical care to prevent harm. The patient's autonomy and right to make decisions are not directly in conflict since the patient is conscious, and autonomy is respected by honoring the patient's wishes. Justice is also not in conflict here as it does not pertain to the immediate ethical dilemma of reintubation. Autonomy and beneficence are not in direct conflict as the patient's autonomy is being respected by allowing them to make an informed decision. Nonmalfeasance is not directly applicable in this scenario.
Some of the neonatal complications of eclampsia are:
- A. Cerebral haemorrhage and pneumonia
- B. Severe asphyxia and prematurity
- C. Fractures and soft tissue trauma
- D. Respiratory distress and hypoglycaemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Severe asphyxia and prematurity. In eclampsia, maternal hypertension can lead to placental insufficiency, reducing oxygen and nutrient supply to the fetus, resulting in severe asphyxia and premature birth. This is due to the high risk of placental abruption and intrauterine growth restriction. Other choices are incorrect because cerebral hemorrhage and pneumonia (choice A) are not commonly associated with neonatal complications of eclampsia. Fractures and soft tissue trauma (choice C) are not typical complications of eclampsia in neonates. Respiratory distress and hypoglycemia (choice D) are more commonly seen in neonates born to mothers with gestational diabetes, not eclampsia.