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Centrioles are structures involved in cell division. What is their specific role?
- A. Forming the nuclear envelope
- B. Replicating DNA
- C. Organizing microtubules during cell division
- D. Protein synthesis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Centrioles are involved in organizing microtubules during cell division, specifically in forming the mitotic spindle. The mitotic spindle is crucial for the proper alignment and separation of chromosomes during cell division, ensuring the accurate distribution of genetic material to daughter cells. Choice A, forming the nuclear envelope, is incorrect as centrioles do not have a direct role in this process. Choice B, replicating DNA, is incorrect as centrioles are not involved in DNA replication. Choice D, protein synthesis, is incorrect as centrioles do not play a role in protein synthesis.
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What is the process by which genetic information is used to produce proteins?
- A. Replication
- B. Transcription
- C. Translation
- D. Mutation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A) Replication is the process by which DNA is copied to produce an identical strand of DNA. This process occurs during cell division to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information.
B) Transcription is the process by which genetic information from DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule. This RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA), serves as a template for protein synthesis during translation.
C) Translation is the process by which the genetic information carried by mRNA is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids, which are then assembled into a protein. This process occurs at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell.
D) Mutation refers to a change in the DNA sequence that can result in alterations to the genetic information. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by external factors such as radiation or chemicals. While mutations can impact protein synthesis, they are not the process by which genetic inf
What is the term for the balanced equation that represents a chemical reaction?
- A. Hypothesis
- B. Chemical formula
- C. Balanced equation
- D. Reaction mechanism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C - 'Balanced equation'. A balanced equation is a representation of a chemical reaction that shows the reactants, products, and their stoichiometric coefficients. It ensures that the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation, following the law of conservation of mass. Choice A, 'Hypothesis', is incorrect as it refers to a proposed explanation based on limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. Choice B, 'Chemical formula', is incorrect as it represents the composition of a compound using symbols and subscripts. Choice D, 'Reaction mechanism', is incorrect as it describes the step-by-step process by which a chemical reaction occurs, not just the overall representation of the reaction itself.
Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels and helps regulate blood flow?
- A. Skeletal muscle
- B. Smooth muscle
- C. Cardiac muscle
- D. Striated muscle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Smooth muscle is the correct answer. It is found in the walls of blood vessels and helps regulate blood flow by contracting and relaxing to adjust the diameter of the vessels. Skeletal muscle, found attached to bones, is responsible for voluntary movements and is not typically found in blood vessel walls. Cardiac muscle is specific to the heart and responsible for pumping blood, not found in blood vessel walls. Striated muscle, another term for skeletal muscle, is characterized by its striped appearance under a microscope but is not present in blood vessel walls.
Following successful heart transplant surgery, the patient's body will need to take medications to:
- A. Suppress the immune system and prevent rejection of the new heart.
- B. Reduce overall blood pressure.
- C. Dissolve any remaining blood clots.
- D. Stimulate the growth of new heart tissue.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: After heart transplant surgery, the patient's body will need to take medications to suppress the immune system and prevent rejection of the new heart. This is essential to ensure that the body does not identify the transplanted heart as a foreign entity and mount an immune response against it, which could lead to transplant rejection and failure. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because post-heart transplant medications primarily focus on preventing rejection by suppressing the immune system, rather than reducing blood pressure, dissolving blood clots, or stimulating the growth of new heart tissue.
Antibodies, crucial for immune defense, are produced by:
- A. Neutrophils
- B. Lymphocytes
- C. Monocytes
- D. Basophils
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Antibodies are produced by a specific type of lymphocyte known as B cells. B cells are a critical component of the adaptive immune system and are responsible for producing antibodies in response to pathogens. Neutrophils, monocytes, and basophils are types of white blood cells that are part of the innate immune response and do not have the function of producing antibodies. Neutrophils are primarily involved in phagocytosis, monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells for antigen presentation, while basophils are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.