Nokea
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized __________ and __________.
- A. the normative approach; survival of the fittest
- B. noble savages; physical maturation
- C. tabula rasa; natural selection
- D. natural selection; survival of the fittest
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized natural selection and survival of the fittest. Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits that help them survive and reproduce in their environment are more likely to pass on these traits to their offspring. Survival of the fittest refers to the idea that the organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the gradual evolution of species over time. Both concepts are central to Darwin's theory of evolution. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the key principles highlighted by Darwin in his theory of evolution.
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Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause __________.
- A. spina bifida
- B. anencephaly
- C. cerebral palsy
- D. muscular dystrophy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, often due to a lack of oxygen during labor and delivery. Spina bifida (Choice A) is a neural tube defect that occurs during embryonic development and is not directly caused by anoxia during labor. Anencephaly (Choice B) is a severe neural tube defect where the baby is born without parts of the brain and skull, not typically caused by anoxia during labor. Muscular dystrophy (Choice D) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and is not directly related to anoxia during labor and delivery.
One criticism of Freud's psychosexual theory was that it __________.
- A. did not apply to other cultures
- B. underemphasized the influence of sexual feelings
- C. compared human development to the evolution of the human species
- D. offered too narrow a view of important environmental influences
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: One criticism of Freud's psychosexual theory was that it did not apply to other cultures. Freud developed his theory based on observations and cases from his clinical practice in a specific cultural context, mainly Western society. This limited cultural scope raised concerns about the generalizability and applicability of his theories to diverse cultural settings. Choice B is incorrect because Freud's theory actually emphasized the significant influence of sexual feelings on human development. Choice C is incorrect because Freud's theory focused on stages of psychosexual development rather than comparing human development to the evolution of the human species. Choice D is incorrect because Freud's psychosexual theory considered environmental influences, although it primarily centered on internal drives and conflicts.
During pregnancy, the placenta __________.
- A. forms in the second trimester of pregnancy
- B. encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid
- C. contains one large vein that delivers nutrients to the embryo
- D. delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The placenta delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism during pregnancy. It is a temporary organ that forms in the first trimester of pregnancy. Choice A is incorrect as the placenta forms in the first trimester, not the second trimester. Choice B is incorrect as the amniotic sac, not the placenta, encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid. Choice C is incorrect as the placenta contains blood vessels (arteries and veins) that deliver nutrients to the embryo, not just one large vein.
By using which method of assignment of participants to treatment conditions, investigators increase the chances that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups?
- A. sequential
- B. random
- C. systematic
- D. correlational
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: By using random assignment of participants to treatment conditions, investigators increase the chances that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups. Random assignment helps reduce the likelihood of bias in the selection process and ensures that any differences between groups are due to the treatment and not pre-existing group differences. Sequential, systematic, and correlational assignment methods do not provide the same level of assurance in distributing participants' characteristics equally across treatment groups.
According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development is four-year-old R'Monte who engages in make-believe play by stirring beads in a bowl and saying, "Soup is ready!"?
- A. sensorimotor
- B. preoperational
- C. concrete operational
- D. sociocultural
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, four-year-old Rƒ¢¢â€š¬¢â€ž¢Monte's engagement in make-believe play, such as pretending to stir beads in a bowl and creating imaginary soup, indicates that he is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. This stage is characterized by symbolic thinking, pretend play, language development, and egocentrism. Choice A, sensorimotor, is incorrect as this stage occurs in infancy and focuses on sensory experiences and object permanence. Choice C, concrete operational, is incorrect as this stage occurs around ages 7-11 and involves logical reasoning about concrete events. Choice D, sociocultural, is incorrect as it does not correspond to Piaget's stages of cognitive development.