Nokea
Chemical digestion of starch foods begins in the:
- A. mouth
- B. stomach
- C. small intestine
- D. large intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mouth. Salivary amylase, an enzyme in saliva, initiates the breakdown of starch into maltose in the mouth. This process marks the beginning of chemical digestion of starch foods. In contrast, the stomach primarily digests proteins, the small intestine further breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, while the large intestine absorbs water and minerals. Therefore, options B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the initial site of starch digestion.
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Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of gastric acid?
- A. gastrin
- B. secretin
- C. insulin
- D. cholecystokinin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: gastrin. Gastrin is a hormone produced by G cells in the stomach lining that stimulates the release of gastric acid. It acts directly on parietal cells to increase acid secretion. Secretin (B) stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, not gastric acid. Insulin (C) regulates blood sugar levels, not gastric acid secretion. Cholecystokinin (D) stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes, not gastric acid.
The nurse is caring for a patient who returns to the floor at lunchtime after undergoing an upper GI (UGI) series. Which action is most important for the nurse to perform first?
- A. Administer a laxative.
- B. Educate the patient about the possibility of white stools.
- C. Offer the patient a small snack.
- D. Provide oral care.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer a laxative. After an upper GI series, it is important to help the patient eliminate the contrast dye used during the procedure. Administering a laxative will facilitate the removal of the dye from the gastrointestinal tract. This is crucial to prevent any potential complications or adverse effects from the contrast dye.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
B: Educating the patient about the possibility of white stools is not the most immediate concern after an upper GI series. While this information is important for the patient to know, it is not the most urgent action to take.
C: Offering the patient a small snack may be appropriate after the procedure, but ensuring the elimination of the contrast dye through a laxative is more critical.
D: Providing oral care is important for overall patient comfort and hygiene, but it is not the priority immediately following an upper GI series.
Metabolic rate is high in the following Except:
- A. Pregnancy.
- B. Sleep.
- C. Male than female of the same body surface area.
- D. Walking than resting state.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sleep. During sleep, the body's metabolic rate decreases as it enters a state of rest and recovery. Pregnancy (A) requires increased energy expenditure for fetal development. Males generally have higher metabolic rates than females (C) due to higher muscle mass. Walking (D) requires more energy than resting, leading to a higher metabolic rate. In summary, sleep is the exception as it lowers metabolic rate compared to the other activities listed.
Which of these digestive processes occurs in the mouth?
- A. chemical digestion of proteins
- B. mechanical digestion of food
- C. chemical digestion of starch
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: chemical digestion of starch. In the mouth, salivary glands secrete enzymes like amylase to break down starch into simpler sugars. This process initiates the digestion of carbohydrates. Mechanical digestion (Choice B) occurs in the mouth through chewing and mixing food with saliva, but it does not involve chemical breakdown. Chemical digestion of proteins (Choice A) primarily occurs in the stomach and small intestine with the help of enzymes like pepsin and trypsin. Choice D is incorrect because not all the processes listed occur in the mouth.
Which female patient is most likely to have metabolic syndrome?
- A. BP 128/78 mm Hg, triglycerides 160 mg/dL, fasting blood glucose 102 mg/dL
- B. BP 142/90 mm Hg, high-density lipoproteins 45 mg/dL, fasting blood glucose 130 mg/dL
- C. Waist circumference 36 in, triglycerides 162 mg/dL, high-density lipoproteins 55 mg/dL
- D. Waist circumference 32 in, high-density lipoproteins 38 mg/dL, fasting blood glucose 122 mg/dL
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the patient's blood pressure, HDL levels, and fasting blood glucose levels all indicate a higher likelihood of metabolic syndrome. High blood pressure, low HDL levels, and elevated blood glucose are key components of metabolic syndrome.
Option A has normal blood pressure and slightly elevated triglycerides and blood glucose, but not as concerning as choice B.
Option C has a normal blood pressure, slightly elevated triglycerides, and good HDL levels, which lowers the likelihood of metabolic syndrome.
Option D has a normal blood pressure, very low HDL levels, and slightly elevated blood glucose, but the blood pressure is not in the hypertensive range as in choice B.