Nokea
Chlorpropamide metabolism is enhanced by
- A. Ethyl alcohol
- B. Diazepam
- C. Lorazepam
- D. Chloridazepoxide
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ethyl alcohol induces hepatic enzymes, enhancing the metabolism of chlorpropamide, a sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug.
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An Investigational New Drug is filed with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration:
- A. When the manufacturer has completed phase III trials
- B. When a new drug is discovered
- C. Prior to animal testing of any new drug entity
- D. Prior to human testing of any new drug entity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: An IND is filed before human testing , after preclinical (animal) studies, to ensure safety before clinical trials begin.
When prescribing an opioid analgesic such as acetaminophen and codeine (Tylenol #3), instructions to the patient should include:
- A. The medication may cause sedation and they should not drive.
- B. Constipation is a common side effect and they should increase fluids and fiber.
- C. Patients should not take any other acetaminophen-containing medications at the same time.
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All are critical: sedation, constipation, and acetaminophen overdose risks.
Several processes enable a drug to reach a specific concentration in the body. Together they are called dynamic equilibrium. What are these processes? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Distribution to the active site
- B. Biotransformation
- C. Absorption from the muscle
- D. Excretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The actual concentration that a drug reaches in the body results from a dynamic equilibrium involving several processes: Absorption from the site of entry (can be from the muscle, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract if taken orally, of the subcutaneous tissue if given by that route); Distribution to the active site; biotransformation (metabolism) in the liver; excretion from the body. Interaction with other drugs is not part of the dynamic equilibrium.
When reviewing the phases of drug development, the nurse finds a discussion about the postmarketing surveillance phase. Which one of the following activities would the nurse expect to find as being carried out during this phase?
- A. Health care providers report adverse effects to FDA.
- B. Healthy volunteers are involved in the test.
- C. In vitro tests are performed using human cells.
- D. The drug is given to patients with the disease.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The postmarketing surveillance phase of drug development encourages health care professionals to report adverse effects of drugs to the FDA using MedWatch. Phase 1 of clinical testing involves 20 to 100 healthy volunteers. In vitro testing of the drug on human or animal cells is done in the pre-FDA phase. In Phase 2 of clinical testing, the drug is given to patients with the disease for which the drug is manufactured.
BZDs may be used in following situations EXCEPT:
- A. Anaesthesia
- B. Anxiety
- C. Floppy infant syndrome
- D. Epilepsy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are used in anesthesia, anxiety, and epilepsy, but floppy infant syndrome is a side effect of maternal BZD use, not a condition treated with them.