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Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. When systemic cooling of the body is used in cardiovascular surgery, what are the effects of the therapy?
- A. Slowed metabolism
- B. Ischemia of cells
- C. Reduction of body's oxygen requirements
- D. Phagocytosis
Correct Answer: A,C
Rationale: Systemic cooling in cardiovascular surgery slows metabolism (A) and reduces oxygen requirements (C) to protect organs. Ischemia (B) is a potential risk, not a desired effect, and phagocytosis (D) is unrelated.
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Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. Which of the following physiological changes will help an infected wound to heal?
- A. Phagocytosis
- B. Increased blood flow to tissue
- C. Vasoconstriction
- D. Decreased delivery of oxygen to tissue
- E. Delivery of increased level of nutrients to site
- F. Increase in cellular metabolism
Correct Answer: A,B,E,F
Rationale: Phagocytosis (A) clears pathogens, increased blood flow (B) and nutrients (E) support tissue repair, and increased cellular metabolism (F) aids healing. Vasoconstriction (C) and decreased oxygen (D) impair healing.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. The physiological effects of local heat application include the
- A. Dilation of veins.
- B. Constriction of veins.
- C. Relaxation of muscle spasms.
- D. Decreased blood flow to the area.
- E. Increased delivery of oxygen to the area.
- F. Increased delivery of nutrients to the area.
Correct Answer: A,C,E,F
Rationale: Local heat application causes vasodilation, leading to dilation of veins (A) and increased blood flow, which delivers more oxygen (E) and nutrients (F) to the area. It also relaxes muscle spasms (C). Constriction of veins (B) and decreased blood flow (D) are incorrect as they oppose the effects of heat.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. Patient teaching regarding home use of heating pads should include which of the following?
- A. Use the highest temperature setting for maximum heat penetration.
- B. Set a timer for no longer than 20 to 30 minutes.
- C. Use a thin layer of petroleum jelly on skin to prevent burns.
- D. Use heat on areas that continue to swell.
- E. Never lie on top of a heating pad.
- F. Check the skin under the heating pad every 10 minutes for excessive redness.
Correct Answer: B,E,F
Rationale: Heating pads should be used for 20-30 minutes (B) to avoid burns, never lain on (E) to prevent prolonged heat exposure, and skin should be checked frequently (F). High temperatures (A) increase burn risk, petroleum jelly (C) can trap heat, and heat on swelling areas (D) can worsen edema.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. Common uses for cold applications include
- A. Hypothermia.
- B. Fever reduction.
- C. Pain relief.
- D. Hemostasis.
- E. Prevention of swelling.
- F. Reduction of edema.
Correct Answer: C,D,E,F
Rationale: Cold therapy reduces pain (C) by numbing nerves, promotes hemostasis (D) by vasoconstriction, prevents swelling (E), and reduces edema (F). Hypothermia (A) is a risk, not a use, and fever reduction (B) is less common.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. Which of the following physiological changes make the elderly more susceptible to burns from heat applications?
- A. Thinner skin
- B. More porous bones
- C. Reduced tactile sensation
- D. Cognitive changes
Correct Answer: A,C,D
Rationale: Elderly individuals have thinner skin (A), reduced tactile sensation (C), and potential cognitive changes (D) that impair their ability to detect excessive heat, increasing burn risk. More porous bones (B) are unrelated to burn susceptibility.