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Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. Contraction of the diaphragm is initiated by the
- A. Cerebellum sending chemicals to the chemoreceptors.
- B. Changes in pH of the blood, detected by the carotid arteries.
- C. Changes in position of the ribs as a result of the contraction of the intercostal muscles.
- D. Medulla sending impulses to the phrenic nerve.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The medulla oblongata controls breathing by sending impulses via the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm, causing it to contract for inspiration. Chemoreceptors detect pH changes but do not directly initiate diaphragm contraction.
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Fill in the blanks with the correct numbers. Number in order the structures that air passes through as it enters the respiratory system: Trachea, Bronchioles, Nostrils, Right or left bronchus, Pharynx, Alveoli.
- A. 1. Nostrils, 2. Pharynx, 3. Trachea, 4. Right or left bronchus, 5. Bronchioles, 6. Alveoli
- B. 1. Nostrils, 2. Trachea, 3. Pharynx, 4. Bronchioles, 5. Right or left bronchus, 6. Alveoli
- C. 1. Pharynx, 2. Nostrils, 3. Trachea, 4. Bronchioles, 5. Alveoli, 6. Right or left bronchus
- D. 1. Nostrils, 2. Pharynx, 3. Bronchioles, 4. Trachea, 5. Right or left bronchus, 6. Alveoli
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Air enters through the nostrils, passes through the pharynx, then the trachea, followed by the right or left bronchus, bronchioles, and finally reaches the alveoli for gas exchange.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply.You have been assigned to explain internal and external respirations to another student. Which explanation(s) will you use?
- A. External respiration occurs inside the body, and internal respiration occurs outside the body.
- B. Internal respiration occurs when oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the bloodstream and the body cells.
- C. Internal respiration occurs as a result of diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood; external respiration occurs as a result of osmosis of oxygen from the blood into the lungs.
- D. External respiration occurs when oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and the lung capillaries.
- E. Internal respiration occurs when oxygen is delivered to tissues and carbon dioxide is removed from tissues.
Correct Answer: B,D,E
Rationale: Internal respiration involves gas exchange between blood and body cells, while external respiration occurs between alveoli and lung capillaries via diffusion. Choice C is incorrect as it reverses the definitions and mentions osmosis, which is not the mechanism.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. Which description is most accurate regarding the mechanics of breathing?
- A. Breathing is voluntary because people are able to hold their breath at will.
- B. Breathing is involuntary and occurs because of the movement of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
- C. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves upward and the intercostal muscles move the ribs up and out, causing expiration.
- D. In the alveoli, oxygen leaves the alveoli and moves into the blood in the capillaries as a result of osmosis.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Breathing is primarily involuntary, driven by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Choice C is incorrect because diaphragm contraction moves it downward, causing inspiration, not expiration. Choice D is incorrect as oxygen moves by diffusion, not osmosis.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. Your patient has recently woken from a nap. She thinks it is morning, although it is 3 o'clock in the afternoon. She also thinks you are her daughter-in-law. When you take her vital signs, her pulse is 56 and irregular, her respiratory rate is 28, and she is having difficulty taking a deep breath. Her earlier vital signs were T 99.2, P 66, R 18, and BP 134/76. What concerns do you have about this patient?
- A. She may be having a CVA because she is confused.
- B. She may have a pulmonary embolus because she is having difficulty taking a deep breath.
- C. She may be hypoxic because her vital signs have changed and so has her orientation.
- D. She may be having a heart attack because her heart rate has dropped 10 beats per minute and become irregular.
Correct Answer: B,C
Rationale: Difficulty breathing and increased respiratory rate suggest a possible pulmonary embolus, which obstructs lung blood flow. Hypoxia is likely due to altered vital signs (increased respiratory rate, irregular pulse) and confusion. CVA or heart attack are less likely without specific neurological or chest pain symptoms.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. Which of the following signs and symptoms would indicate that your patient is beginning to become hypoxic?
- A. Bluish coloration to lips and nailbeds
- B. Becomes irritated when you try to help him turn in bed
- C. Respiratory rate change from 16 to 24
- D. Heart rate change from 72 to 60
- E. Thought he was at a hotel, but then knew he was at the hospital this morning
- F. Complaints of pain above his eyes
Correct Answer: A,C,E
Rationale: Hypoxia is indicated by cyanosis (bluish lips/nailbeds), increased respiratory rate to compensate for low oxygen, and confusion due to reduced oxygen to the brain. Choice D (decreased heart rate) is less typical, as hypoxia often increases heart rate initially.