Nokea
Common methods of identifying additional cases (expanding surveillance) as part of an outbreak investigation include:
- A. Advising the public through newspapers, TV, radio, and the health department's website to contact the local health department
- B. Asking case-patients who they were with at the time of exposure (if known)
- C. Sending a fax to healthcare providers
- D. Telephoning the infection control practitioners at local hospitals
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Public advisories help identify potential cases and expand surveillance effectively.
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Describe the overall trends reflected in the chart.
- A. Cyclical increases followed by declines
- B. Steady increase over time
- C. Steady decline over time
- D. Random fluctuations with no pattern
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pertussis exhibits cyclical patterns due to waning immunity and vaccination coverage.
Selection bias interferes-
- A. internal validity
- B. external validity
- C. face validity
- D. all
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Selection bias undermines internal validity by affecting the comparability of study groups.
Which of the following are considered measures of spread?
- A. Interquartile range
- B. Percentile
- C. Range
- D. Standard deviation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The interquartile range is a robust measure of variability.
The LD50 of highly toxic substance is.... mg/ kg.
- A. less than 1
- B. Jan-50
- C. 51-500
- D. 50-500
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Highly toxic substances have an LD50 value of less than 1 mg/kg, indicating extreme toxicity.
Istanbul declaration 1996 habitat II is related to:
- A. RH
- B. Health promotion
- C. PHC
- D. Population development
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Istanbul Declaration addressed issues related to population and sustainable development.