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Congenital heart defects are classified as all of the following? (Select all that apply)
- A. Mixed defects
- B. Obstruction defects
- C. Decreased pulmonary blood flow
- D. Acquired defects
Correct Answer: A,B,C
Rationale: Congenital heart defects can be classified based on pathophysiology. A: Mixed defects involve combination of two types of abnormalities, B: Obstruction defects involve narrowing/blockage in blood flow, and C: Decreased pulmonary blood flow includes defects leading to decreased blood flow to lungs. D: Acquired defects result from external factors and not present at birth. E, F, G are not applicable as no information is provided. Thus, A, B, C are correct based on classification of congenital heart defects.
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A mother brings her child into the pediatrician's office for a follow up appointment and voices concern that her child has started urinating more frequently and is constantly hungry and thirsty. The nurse suspects:
- A. Hypoglycemia
- B. Huntington disease
- C. Diabetes mellitus
- D. Phenylketonuria
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Diabetes mellitus. The symptoms of increased urination, hunger, and thirst are classic signs of diabetes mellitus. In diabetes, the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels, leading to excessive urination (as the body tries to get rid of excess sugar), increased hunger (as cells are not getting enough glucose for energy), and increased thirst (due to dehydration from frequent urination). Hypoglycemia (choice A) would present with low blood sugar symptoms, not high blood sugar symptoms. Huntington disease (choice B) is a genetic disorder affecting the brain, not related to the symptoms described. Phenylketonuria (choice D) is a metabolic disorder related to the inability to break down phenylalanine, not associated with the symptoms described.
When caring for a patient with Syndrome of inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH), the nurse would expect her patient to exhibit the following clinical signs and symptoms (Select all that apply):
- A. Fluid retention
- B. Hypotonicity
- C. Anorexia
- D. Frequent urination
Correct Answer: A,B,C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
A: Fluid retention - In SIADH, there is excessive ADH secretion leading to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia.
B: Hypotonicity - Due to water retention, serum osmolality decreases leading to hypotonicity.
C: Anorexia - SIADH can cause nausea, vomiting, and anorexia due to hyponatremia and cerebral edema.
Incorrect choices:
D: Frequent urination - SIADH causes water retention, leading to decreased urine output, not frequent urination.
When educating the parents of a child with growth hormone deficiency, the following statement made by the parents would indicate the need for further teaching:
- A. Our child may have increased sensitivity to insulin
- B. Hormone replacement therapy is not likely to be successful
- C. Growth hormone deficiency is caused by diminished pituitary function
- D. We need to prepare our child for daily injections
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Hormone replacement therapy is not likely to be successful. This statement indicates a misunderstanding as hormone replacement therapy is the main treatment for growth hormone deficiency. It helps to normalize growth and development. The other choices are incorrect: A is correct as growth hormone deficiency can lead to insulin sensitivity; C is correct as the condition is typically caused by diminished pituitary function; D is correct as daily injections are often necessary for growth hormone replacement therapy.
A nurse is preparing to perform a dressing change on a 6-year-old child with mild cognitive impairment (CI) who sustained a minor burn. Which strategy should the nurse use to prepare the child for this procedure?
- A. Verbally explain what will be done
- B. Have the child watch a video on dressing change
- C. Demonstrate a dressing change on a doll
- D. Explain the importance of keeping the burn area clean
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Demonstrate a dressing change on a doll. This strategy is most appropriate because children with cognitive impairment often benefit from visual aids and hands-on experiences. By demonstrating the dressing change on a doll, the nurse can provide a clear and concrete example for the child to understand what will happen during the procedure. This approach can help reduce anxiety and fear by making the process more tangible and relatable for the child.
Other choices are incorrect:
A: Verbally explaining may not be as effective for a child with cognitive impairment who may struggle to understand complex verbal instructions.
B: Watching a video may be overwhelming or confusing for the child with cognitive impairment.
D: Explaining the importance of keeping the burn area clean is important but may not adequately prepare the child for the procedure itself.
When instructing the parents of a toddler with iron deficiency anemia about the importance of increasing iron in the toddler's diet, which of the following foods should the nurse instruct the parents to include in the toddler's diet?
- A. Pasta
- B. Vitamin D milk
- C. Dried fruits
- D. Green leafy vegetables
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Dried fruits. Dried fruits are a good source of iron, which is essential for treating iron deficiency anemia in toddlers. They provide a concentrated amount of iron in a small serving size, making them convenient for toddlers. Pasta (A) does not contain significant amounts of iron. Vitamin D milk (B) is important for bone health but does not provide a substantial amount of iron. Green leafy vegetables (D) are a good source of iron, but they may be harder for toddlers to eat compared to dried fruits.