Nokea
Conidiospores that bud off from a vase-shaped spore-bearing cell are referred to as:
- A. arthrospores
- B. porospores
- C. phialospores
- D. blastospores
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: phialospores. Phialospores are conidiospores that bud off from a vase-shaped spore-bearing cell called a phialide. This structure is characteristic of fungi in the genus Penicillium. Arthrospores (A) are formed by the fragmentation of hyphae, porospores (B) are not a recognized term in mycology, and blastospores (D) are produced by budding from yeast cells. Therefore, C is the correct choice based on the specific description provided in the question.
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A mercury-containing compound used as a preservative in vaccines is:
- A. analgesic
- B. EDTA
- C. codeine
- D. thimerosal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: thimerosal. Thimerosal is a mercury-containing compound used as a preservative in vaccines. It helps prevent contamination and growth of bacteria and fungi in multi-dose vials. Choice A, analgesic, refers to pain relievers, not preservatives. Choice B, EDTA, is a chelating agent used to bind metal ions and is not a preservative. Choice C, codeine, is an opioid pain medication and not a preservative used in vaccines. Thimerosal is the correct answer as it specifically fits the description of a mercury-containing compound used in vaccines.
A patient with a sore throat had a throat smear revealing Gram-positive cocci in pairs with a capsule. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Neisseria meningitidis
- C. Haemophilus influenzae
- D. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Gram-positive cocci in pairs indicate Streptococcus pneumoniae.
2. Presence of a capsule points to S. pneumoniae as it has a polysaccharide capsule.
3. S. pneumoniae commonly causes sore throat.
4. Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are not typically associated with sore throat.
The ability of Clostridium tetani to produce exotoxins is encoded by?
- A. genes with chromosomal location
- B. clostridium tetani is not capable of producing exotoxins, it has only endotoxin activity
- C. genes with plasmid location
- D. chromosomal and plasmid location
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: genes with plasmid location. Clostridium tetani produces exotoxins through genes located on plasmids. Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic elements that carry additional genes. These genes encode for the production of exotoxins in Clostridium tetani. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because Clostridium tetani does produce exotoxins, it does not have only endotoxin activity, and the genes responsible for exotoxin production are located on plasmids, not solely on the chromosome or both chromosome and plasmid.
Non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis can be caused by
- A. Mycoplasma hominis
- B. Mycoplasma genitalium
- C. Ureaplasma urealyticum
- D. all of them
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum are all known to cause non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. These organisms can infect the urogenital tract and lead to inflammation and symptoms in both males and females. Each of these bacteria has been identified as a common cause of these conditions through research and clinical studies. Therefore, since all three organisms are capable of causing non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, the correct answer is D. The other choices (A, B, and C) are incorrect because each of them alone can cause these conditions, making option D the most comprehensive and accurate choice.
A patient has been brought to the hospital with the complaints of headache, pain in left hypochondrium. He has been ill for 1,5 weeks. The sudden illness began with the increase of body temperature up to 39, 90C. In 3 hours the temperature decreased and hydropoiesis began. The attacks repeat rhythmically in 48 hours. The patient had visited one an African country. The doctors have suspected malaria. What method of laboratory diagnostics is necessary to use?
- A. Blood examination
- B. Immunological tests
- C. Stool examination
- D. Urine examination
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct method of laboratory diagnostics for suspected malaria is blood examination. Malaria is diagnosed by detecting the presence of the Plasmodium parasite in the patient's blood. This can be done through microscopy to identify the parasite in a blood smear or through rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that detect specific antigens produced by the parasite. Blood examination allows for the direct visualization of the parasite, making it the most accurate method for diagnosing malaria. Immunological tests, stool examination, and urine examination are not suitable for diagnosing malaria as the parasite primarily resides in the red blood cells. Stool and urine examinations are more commonly used for diagnosing gastrointestinal or urinary tract infections, respectively.