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Demographic characteristics indicate that people in developed countries are living longer, healthier lives, yet tremendous health and social disparities exist. Which describes social determinants of health?
- A. What society does collectively to ensure the conditions exist in which people can be healthy
- B. Social conditions in which people live and work
- C. Context of preventing disease and disability and promoting and protecting the health of the entire community
- D. Comprehensive management of health information and its secure exchange between consumers, providers, government and quality entities, and insurers
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it accurately defines social determinants of health as what society collectively does to create conditions for health. It emphasizes the importance of societal actions in promoting health outcomes for individuals. Choice B refers to social conditions but does not explicitly mention the collective responsibility of society. Choice C focuses on community health but does not encompass the broader societal role. Choice D is about health information management, not social determinants. Choices E, F, and G are not provided, so they are irrelevant. In summary, A is correct as it highlights the societal efforts in creating a healthy environment, while the other choices are incorrect as they do not fully capture the concept of social determinants of health.
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A nurse is administering a continuous enteral feeding to a client. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A. Check gastric residuals every 4 hours
- B. Implementing health promotion activities such as education programs
- C. Obtaining and interpreting information regarding risks and benefits to the community
- D. Monitoring the sexual activity of adolescents
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Check gastric residuals every 4 hours. This is essential when administering enteral feeding to prevent complications such as aspiration or feeding intolerance. By monitoring residuals, the nurse can assess the client's tolerance to the feeding regimen and adjust accordingly. Option B is incorrect as it is unrelated to enteral feeding. Option C is also incorrect as it pertains to community health, not individual client care. Option D is irrelevant and invasive to the client's privacy. Monitoring sexual activity of adolescents is outside the scope of enteral feeding administration.
A nurse is caring for a client following application of a cast. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first?
- A. Palpate the distal pulse to the cast
- B. Engage employers to have wellness centers at each industrial site
- C. Ensure timely and effective medical intervention and treatment for community members
- D. Giving some of their own surplus clothes to those who can use them
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Palpate the distal pulse to the cast. This is the first action the nurse should take as it assesses the circulation to the extremity. Checking the distal pulse ensures that there is no compromise to blood flow post-casting, which is crucial in preventing complications like compartment syndrome. Engaging employers (B), ensuring community medical interventions (C), and donating clothes (D) are unrelated and not urgent in this scenario. It is important to prioritize patient safety and monitor for any potential complications following cast application.
Which information is the nurse assessing when appraising the applicability of a research article?
- A. The intended audience of the article
- B. The degree to which the results relate to a specific population
- C. The accuracy or credibility of the research
- D. The purpose of the research
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The degree to which the results relate to a specific population. This is crucial in determining the relevance and applicability of the research findings to the target population. Assessing the generalizability of the results is essential for making informed decisions in practice.
Incorrect Choices:
A: The intended audience of the article - While important, it does not directly impact the applicability of the research findings to a specific population.
C: The accuracy or credibility of the research - While important for validity, it does not address the specific relevance to a population.
D: The purpose of the research - While understanding the purpose is important, it doesn't directly assess the applicability to a specific population.
Which was a duty performed by district nurses in Liverpool, England, in 1865?
- A. Use epidemiologic knowledge and methods
- B. Encourage community organization
- C. Report facts to and ask questions of physicians
- D. Assist physicians with surgery in the newly constructed hospitals
- F. Identifying potential negative outcomes due to exposure to the toxic chemicals
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. District nurses in Liverpool in 1865 reported facts to and asked questions of physicians. This duty was crucial for proper patient care as it ensured that physicians were informed about the patient's condition and could provide appropriate treatment. Other choices are incorrect because: A) Epidemiologic knowledge and methods were not commonly used by district nurses at that time. B) Encouraging community organization was not a primary duty of district nurses. D) District nurses did not typically assist physicians with surgery. F) Identifying potential negative outcomes due to exposure to toxic chemicals was not a common duty of district nurses in 1865 Liverpool.
Which is a Healthy People 2020 goal?
- A. Decrease the incidence of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
- B. Reduce health inequity, decrease disparities, and improve the health of certain groups
- C. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
- D. Promote healthy development and healthy behaviors for the geriatric stage of life
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because reducing health inequity, decreasing disparities, and improving the health of certain groups aligns with the overarching goal of achieving health equity for all in Healthy People 2020. This goal focuses on addressing the social determinants of health to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to achieve their highest level of health. Choices A, C, and D are important aspects of public health but do not specifically address health equity and disparities among different population groups. Therefore, B is the most appropriate choice for a Healthy People 2020 goal.