Nokea
Denominator of prenatal mortality is
- A. Number of live births
- B. Number of deliveries (live and still births)
- C. Live births— still births
- D. Number of still births
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Prenatal mortality includes both live and still births, making the total number of deliveries the appropriate denominator.
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Describe the significance for epidemiology of the use of vital statistics.
- A. Vital statistics provide data on births and deaths.
- B. Vital statistics are irrelevant to epidemiology.
- C. Vital statistics are used only for economic analysis.
- D. Vital statistics focus solely on infectious diseases.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vital statistics help track population health trends and identify outbreaks or patterns.
You are conducting a study of insulin resistance and its relationship to body weight. Using a weight scale as your instrument to measure body weight, you find the scale always reads 30 kg regardless of who is standing on it. Discuss the validity and reliability of the scale.
- A. The scale is reliable but not valid.
- B. The scale is neither reliable nor valid.
- C. The scale is valid but not reliable.
- D. The scale is both reliable and valid.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reliability refers to consistency of the measurement, which this scale demonstrates by consistently reading 30 kg. However, validity refers to accuracy, which this scale lacks since it does not measure true weight.
The best estimate of the association between wedding cake and illness is:
- A. 6.1
- B. 7.7
- C. 68.4
- D. 83.7
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Calculated odds ratio reflects the strength of association.
Why is the availability of a reliable and safe water source a concern to officials in the United States and the rest of the world?
- A. Waterborne diseases, scarcity issues.
- B. Abundant freshwater reserves globally.
- C. Low demand for clean water.
- D. Complete reliance on desalination.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Access to safe water prevents waterborne diseases and addresses growing scarcity concerns worldwide.
Which shape of a population pyramid is most consistent with a young population?
- A. Tall, narrow rectangle
- B. Short, wide rectangle
- C. Triangle base down
- D. Triangle base up
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A triangle base down reflects a high proportion of young individuals.