Nokea
Describe the mechanism by which genes are transmitted from parents to offspring.
- A. Blending of parental genes, resulting in an average of their traits.
- B. Random assortment of alleles during meiosis, leading to unique combinations in each offspring.
- C. Inheritance of solely dominant alleles, masking the influence of recessive ones.
- D. Direct transfer of both parental genomes, creating identical copies of the parents.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A) Blending of parental genes, resulting in an average of their traits, is not an accurate description of how genes are transmitted. In reality, genes are not blended but rather passed down in discrete units.
B) Random assortment of alleles during meiosis is the correct mechanism by which genes are transmitted from parents to offspring. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate, and alleles are randomly distributed to the gametes, leading to unique combinations of genes in each offspring.
C) Inheritance of solely dominant alleles, masking the influence of recessive ones, is not an accurate representation of gene transmission. Offspring inherit alleles from both parents, and the expression of dominant or recessive traits depends on the specific combination of alleles.
D) Direct transfer of both parental genomes, creating identical copies of the parents, is not how genes are transmitted. Offspring inherit a unique combination
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What is the purpose of genetic counseling?
- A. To treat genetic disorders.
- B. To diagnose genetic diseases in newborns.
- C. To provide information and support to individuals and families with genetic risks.
- D. To collect DNA samples for research purposes.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The purpose of genetic counseling is to provide information and support to individuals and families with genetic risks. Genetic counselors aim to explain the implications of genetic testing, discuss risks and options, and offer emotional and psychological support to help individuals make informed decisions regarding their genetic health. Choice A is incorrect because genetic counseling is not focused on treatment but rather on providing information and support. Choice B is incorrect as genetic counselors do not primarily diagnose genetic diseases in newborns but rather provide guidance and support based on existing diagnoses. Choice D is not the purpose of genetic counseling; genetic counselors do not collect DNA samples for research purposes but instead focus on assisting individuals and families in understanding and managing their genetic risks.
What does the concept of punctuated equilibrium suggest?
- A. Evolution occurs gradually through the continuous accumulation of small changes over long periods.
- B. Evolution is characterized by long periods of relative stasis punctuated by rapid bursts of evolutionary change.
- C. The fossil record is a complete and accurate representation of all past life forms.
- D. Natural selection primarily favors extreme phenotypes within a population.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Punctuated equilibrium suggests that evolution is characterized by long periods of relative stasis punctuated by rapid bursts of evolutionary change. This concept, proposed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge, implies that species remain relatively unchanged for extended periods, followed by sudden bursts of rapid evolution. Option A describes the gradualism model, which is different from punctuated equilibrium. Option C is inaccurate as the fossil record is incomplete and biased. Option D is unrelated to the concept of punctuated equilibrium.
During gas exchange in the alveoli, what happens to oxygen?
- A. Oxygen is released from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
- B. Oxygen is absorbed from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
- C. Oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide.
- D. Oxygen is stored in the alveoli for later use.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During gas exchange in the alveoli, oxygen is absorbed from the alveoli into the bloodstream. This process occurs due to the difference in partial pressures of oxygen between the alveoli and the bloodstream, causing oxygen to move from an area of higher concentration (alveoli) to an area of lower concentration (bloodstream). Oxygen is then transported by red blood cells to tissues throughout the body for cellular respiration. Choice A is incorrect as oxygen moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream, not the other way around. Choice C is incorrect as oxygen is not converted into carbon dioxide during gas exchange. Choice D is incorrect as oxygen is not stored in the alveoli but rather continuously exchanged with carbon dioxide during respiration.
Where does cellular respiration, the process of converting chemical energy into ATP, take place in eukaryotic cells?
- A. Nucleus
- B. Ribosomes
- C. Mitochondria
- D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cellular respiration, the process of converting chemical energy into ATP, takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. The mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they are responsible for generating most of the cell's ATP through the process of cellular respiration. This process involves the breakdown of glucose and other organic molecules to produce ATP, which is the primary energy currency of the cell. The other organelles listed in the options (nucleus, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus) do not play a direct role in cellular respiration. The nucleus is responsible for storing genetic material, ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, and the Golgi apparatus is involved in processing and packaging proteins for secretion or internal use.
What is the molar mass of Ca(NO3)2?
- A. 74.1 g/mol
- B. 132.1 g/mol
- C. 164.1 g/mol
- D. 78.1 g/mol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: To calculate the molar mass of Ca(NO3)2, we add up the individual atomic masses of its elements: Ca (40.08) + 2N (2 * 14.01) + 6O (6 * 16.00) = 40.08 + 28.02 + 96.00 = 164.1 g/mol. Therefore, the correct answer is 164.1 g/mol (Choice C). Choice A (74.1 g/mol) is incorrect as it does not account for the correct sum of atomic masses. Choice B (132.1 g/mol) is the correct molar mass calculation for Ca(NO3)2. Choice D (78.1 g/mol) is incorrect and does not reflect the accurate molar mass of the compound.