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Describe the significance for epidemiology of the use of natural experiments.
- A. Natural experiments allow for randomized controlled trials.
- B. Natural experiments eliminate the need for data collection.
- C. Natural experiments provide real-world data without artificial manipulation.
- D. Natural experiments are only used in laboratory settings.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Natural experiments study real-world conditions, providing valuable insights into disease causation and prevention.
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Which of the following does not fall under planning?
- A. Follow up
- B. Plan formulation
- C. Execution
- D. Evaluation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Follow-up is typically considered part of monitoring rather than planning.
Total fertility rate (TFR) refers to
- A. Number of births per one thousand women
- B. Number of women between 15-49 years
- C. Number of children per woman (approximate completed family size)
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: TFR measures the average number of children a woman would have during her reproductive years, approximating the completed family size.
Targets means—
- A. degree of achievement
- B. result that you want to achieve
- C. both a. and b.
- D. none
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Targets represent desired outcomes or achievements within a program.
A case report form devised for an outbreak investigation usually includes which of the following types of information?
- A. Identifying information
- B. Demographic information
- C. Clinical information
- D. Risk factor information
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Case report forms typically collect detailed demographic, clinical, and risk factor information.
For the cruise ship scenario, how would you display the time course of the outbreak?
- A. Endemic curve
- B. Epidemic curve
- C. Seasonal trend
- D. Secular trend
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: An epidemic curve is used to show the time course of an outbreak.