Nokea
Diabetic nephropathy, a complication of diabetes, affects the:
- A. Ureters
- B. Bladder
- C. Urethra
- D. Nephrons
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Diabetic nephropathy, a complication of diabetes, affects the nephrons. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. The high blood sugar levels associated with diabetes can damage the nephrons over time, leading to kidney dysfunction and, ultimately, kidney failure. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because diabetic nephropathy primarily impacts the nephrons in the kidneys, not the ureters, bladder, or urethra.
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What is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride?
- A. Na + Cl2 -> NaCl
- B. 2Na + Cl2 -> 2NaCl
- C. Na2 + Cl -> 2NaCl
- D. Na + 2Cl -> NaCl2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In a balanced chemical equation, the number of atoms of each element must be the same on both sides of the equation. When sodium (Na) reacts with chlorine (Cl2) to form sodium chloride (NaCl), we need to ensure the equation is balanced. There are 2 chlorine atoms in Cl2; hence, we need 2 sodium atoms on the left side to balance it. Therefore, the balanced chemical equation is 2Na + Cl2 -> 2NaCl. Choice A is incorrect because it does not have the correct coefficients to balance the equation. Choice C is incorrect as it incorrectly represents the formula of sodium. Choice D is incorrect as it forms NaCl2, which is not the correct compound formed in this reaction.
When a car brakes to a stop, friction between the tires and the road acts as:
- A. A balanced force
- B. An unbalanced force causing deceleration
- C. An unbalanced force causing the car to remain at rest
- D. No force at all
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When a car brakes to a stop, friction between the tires and the road acts as an unbalanced force causing deceleration. This friction force opposes the motion of the car, resulting in a decrease in speed until the car comes to a complete stop. Choice A is incorrect because if the forces were balanced, the car would not experience any deceleration. Choice C is incorrect because if the force were unbalanced in the direction of motion, the car would continue to move instead of coming to a stop. Choice D is incorrect because friction between the tires and the road does exert a force, causing deceleration.
According to Newton's third law of motion, if you push against a wall with a certain force, the wall will push back with:
- A. A smaller force
- B. An equal force
- C. A greater force
- D. No force at all
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Newton's third law of motion, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When you push against a wall with a certain force, the wall will push back on you with an equal force in the opposite direction. Choice A is incorrect because the wall exerts an equal force back. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests a greater force, which goes against Newton's third law. Choice D is incorrect as the wall does exert a force back in response to your push.
What happens to the potential energy of an object as it falls freely near the Earth's surface?
- A. Potential energy decreases
- B. Potential energy increases
- C. Potential energy remains constant
- D. Potential energy becomes zero
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: As an object falls freely near the Earth's surface, its potential energy decreases. This decrease occurs because the gravitational potential energy is being converted into kinetic energy as the object accelerates due to gravity. According to the law of conservation of energy, the total mechanical energy (the sum of potential and kinetic energy) remains constant in the absence of non-conservative forces like air resistance. Choice B ('Potential energy increases') is incorrect because the object's potential energy is being converted into kinetic energy, leading to a decrease. Choice C ('Potential energy remains constant') is incorrect as the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy results in a decrease in potential energy. Choice D ('Potential energy becomes zero') is incorrect because potential energy is not reduced to zero but is transformed into kinetic energy as the object falls.
What happens to the concentration of hydrogen ions (\([H^+]\)) in a solution as the pH increases?
- A. Increases
- B. Decreases
- C. Remains constant
- D. Becomes neutral
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: As the pH increases, the concentration of hydrogen ions decreases. The relationship is inversely proportional