Nokea
During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes gather on either side of the separating cell?
- A. Metaphase
- B. Telophase
- C. Anaphase
- D. Prophase
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Telophase. During telophase, the chromosomes gather at opposite poles of the cell as the nuclear envelopes start to form around them, indicating the end of cell division. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because during metaphase, the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell; in anaphase, the chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles; and in prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down, respectively.
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What is located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
- A. Microvilli
- B. Mitochondria
- C. Lysosomes
- D. Ribosomes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis. Ribosomes are the correct answer because they are the organelles directly associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Microvilli (choice A), mitochondria (choice B), and lysosomes (choice C) are not typically located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Microvilli are found on the surface of cells to increase surface area, mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell responsible for energy production, and lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes.
Which of the following processes produces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) for the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?
- A. Electron transport chain
- B. Glycolysis
- C. Citric acid cycle (the Krebs cycle)
- D. None of these
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the citric acid cycle (the Krebs cycle). This cycle generates NADH and FADH2, which play a crucial role in providing electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. Choice A, the electron transport chain itself, is where NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons, not where they are produced. Choice B, glycolysis, produces NADH but not FADH2. Choice D, 'None of these,' is incorrect as the citric acid cycle specifically produces NADH and FADH2.
Which of the following makes it possible to predict the genotype and phenotype of the offspring of sexual reproduction?
- A. Punnett square
- B. Chi-square
- C. Microscope
- D. None of these
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, Punnett square. A Punnett square is a tool specifically designed to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of offspring resulting from a particular cross or breeding experiment. It helps in understanding the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes appearing in the offspring. Choice B, Chi-square, is a statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in a study. Choice C, Microscope, is used for viewing tiny structures and organisms, not for predicting genetic outcomes. Choice D, None of these, is incorrect as Punnett square is a valid tool for predicting genetic outcomes in offspring.
What characteristic of water allows for hydrogen bonding between molecules?
- A. Its covalent bonds
- B. Its cohesive properties
- C. Its high specific heat
- D. Its polar nature
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Its polar nature. Water is a polar molecule with a partial positive charge on hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on oxygen atoms. This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other. Choice A, covalent bonds, is incorrect because while water indeed has covalent bonds, they do not directly enable hydrogen bonding. Choice B, cohesive properties, is incorrect as cohesion refers to water's ability to stick to other substances, not the specific characteristic that allows for hydrogen bonding. Choice C, high specific heat, is also incorrect as it refers to water's ability to resist changes in temperature, not its property that leads to hydrogen bonding.
Which of the following statements is true if a molecule exhibits adhesion?
- A. Two molecules of the same substance have the ability to stay bonded to one another
- B. The molecule has the ability to bond to or attract other molecules
- C. A molecule has the ability to increase its heat when necessary
- D. The molecule has the ability to form hydrogen bonds
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct statement is that if a molecule exhibits adhesion, it has the ability to bond to or attract other molecules. Adhesion refers to the ability of a molecule to bind to or attract different types of molecules. Choice A is incorrect because adhesion is about bonding to different molecules, not the same substance. Choice C is incorrect as adhesion does not relate to the ability of a molecule to increase its heat. Choice D is incorrect because forming hydrogen bonds is a specific type of interaction and not a general characteristic of molecules exhibiting adhesion.