Nokea
Each of the following types of receptors is correctly matched with the response resulting from its stimulation EXCEPT:
- A. Muscarinic receptors - decreased heart rate
- B. Nicotinic receptors - decreased gastric acid secretion
- C. Alpha adrenergic receptors - increased blood pressure
- D. Beta adrenergic receptors - bronchodilation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Nicotinic receptors are not associated with decreased gastric acid secretion, but rather with muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions. A: Muscarinic receptors stimulation leads to decreased heart rate via parasympathetic activation. C: Activation of alpha adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. D: Stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors results in bronchodilation and increased heart rate. Therefore, choice B is the exception as it does not match the typical response of nicotinic receptors.
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A deficiency of dietary iodine:
- A. lowers plasma calcium levels.
- B. causes low blood volume and shock.
- C. decreases the synthesis of calcitonin.
- D. causes a goiter.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because a deficiency of dietary iodine leads to an insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which can result in the enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter. This is due to the thyroid gland working harder to try to produce more hormones.
A, B, and C are incorrect because a deficiency of dietary iodine does not directly affect plasma calcium levels, blood volume, or the synthesis of calcitonin. These are functions that are primarily regulated by other hormones and factors in the body, not by iodine deficiency.
A client is scheduled to have a glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) drawn and asks the nurse why she has to have it. How would the nurse respond?
- A. It measures your average blood glucose level for the past 3 months.
- B. It determines what type of anemia you may have.
- C. It measures the amount of liver glycogen you have.
- D. It determines you have some type of leukemia or other blood cancer.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
1. A glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) test measures the average blood glucose level over the past 3 months.
2. It is important for monitoring and managing diabetes.
3. The test reflects long-term blood sugar control, providing valuable information about diabetes management.
4. The nurse should explain this to the client to emphasize the significance of the test in managing their health.
Summary:
B: Incorrect. A1C does not determine anemia type.
C: Incorrect. A1C does not measure liver glycogen.
D: Incorrect. A1C does not diagnose leukemia or blood cancer.
Regarding carbohydrate metabolism:
- A. glucokinase is increased in starvation
- B. the breakdown of glycogen is called glycolysis
- C. the direct oxidative pathway involves the breakdown of glucose through triose
- D. the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D - The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible because it is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. This step is a key regulatory point in carbohydrate metabolism as it commits pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle for further energy production. Reversing this step would disrupt the normal flow of metabolic pathways.
Summary of other choices:
A: Glucokinase is not increased in starvation; it regulates glucose uptake in the liver.
B: The breakdown of glycogen is called glycogenolysis, not glycolysis which is the breakdown of glucose.
C: The direct oxidative pathway involves the breakdown of glucose through glycolysis, not triose.
Which statement accurately describes Graves' disease?
- A. Exophthalmos occurs in Graves' disease.
- B. It is an uncommon form of hyperthyroidism.
- C. Manifestations of hyperthyroidism occur from tissue desensitization to the sympathetic nervous system.
- D. Diagnostic testing in the patient with Graves' disease will reveal an increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) is a common feature of Graves' disease due to the effects of excess thyroid hormones.
To assure accuracy of a urine test for glucose and acetone, the nurse instructs the patient to
- A. perform the urine test one-half hour after meals and at bedtime
- B. drink three glasses of water before the test
- C. void one-half hour before the test, then at the time of the test
- D. increase carbohydrate intake if the results are negative
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: To ensure accurate results, the patient should void before the test and then test the urine at the specified time.