Nokea
Effect of diabetes on foetus includes all except:
- A. Microsomia
- B. Hyperbilirubinaemia
- C. Stillbirth
- D. Open neural tube defect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperbilirubinemia is not a common effect of diabetes on the fetus. The correct effects of diabetes on the fetus include:
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The receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones are found on the ______.
- A. plasma membrane
- B. nuclear envelope
- C. mitochondria
- D. lysosomes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones are typically found on the plasma membrane of target cells. These hormones are large or polar molecules that cannot easily diffuse through the cell membrane. Instead, they bind to specific receptors on the cell surface, initiating signaling pathways that eventually lead to changes within the cell. Once the peptide hormone binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane, secondary messenger systems are activated to relay the signal into the cell and initiate the appropriate cellular response. This distinct mechanism of action highlights the importance of the plasma membrane as the location of receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones.
Aldosterone:
- A. is synthesized in the zona fasciculata.
- B. is deficient in Conn's syndrome.
- C. is independent of ACTH.
- D. is suppressed by elevated potassium.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Aldosterone is a hormone produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, not the zona fasciculata (Choice A is incorrect). Conn's syndrome, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism, is characterized by excess aldosterone secretion, not a deficiency (Choice B is incorrect). Aldosterone production is under the control of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is stimulated by factors such as low blood pressure, low blood volume, and high potassium levels. Elevated potassium in the blood directly suppresses aldosterone production by the adrenal glands, serving as a negative feedback mechanism to maintain electrolyte balance (Choice D is correct). The synthesis of aldosterone also requires cholesterol as the precursor, rather than pregnenolone (Choice E is incorrect). Lastly, aldosterone production is regulated in part by ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), as it can enhance the effects of
Prolonged ingestion of iodine can produce goiter, and is known as:
- A. Jod-Basedow effect
- B. Sick euthyroid syndrome
- C. Wolf-Chaikoff effect
- D. Thyrotoxicosis factitia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The prolonged ingestion of iodine causing goiter is known as the Wolf-Chaikoff effect. This phenomenon occurs when high levels of iodine cause a temporary inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis, resulting in a decrease in thyroid hormone production. In some individuals, this can lead to the development of a goiter due to the lack of thyroid hormone feedback regulation. It is important to note that the Wolf-Chaikoff effect typically resolves on its own as the thyroid gland adapts to the increased iodine levels over time.
Oxytocin:
- A. is bound to neurophysin in plasma.
- B. inhibits production of milk.
- C. inhibits myometrial contraction.
- D. inhibits sperm swimming on the gonad.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. In the bloodstream, oxytocin is mostly bound to a carrier protein called neurophysin. This binding helps to protect oxytocin from being degraded too quickly in the bloodstream, thus allowing it to exert its effects on target tissues such as the uterus and mammary glands. Oxytocin plays important roles in stimulating uterine contractions during labor, facilitating milk letdown during breastfeeding, and promoting social bonding and emotional connections.
Which of the following are signs of acromegaly?
- A. Increased jaw prominence
- B. Enlargement of feet
- C. Enlargement of the hands and fingers
- D. Decrease in tongue size (microglossia)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acromegaly is a disorder characterized by excess growth hormone production, usually due to a pituitary adenoma. Signs and symptoms of acromegaly arise gradually over time due to excess growth hormone leading to tissue overgrowth.