Nokea
Estrogens and progesterone are produced by:
- A. the testes.
- B. the ovaries.
- C. the adrenal glands.
- D. the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Estrogens and progesterone are primarily produced by the ovaries in females. The ovaries are the main reproductive organs responsible for the production of these hormones, essential for menstrual cycle regulation and pregnancy support. The correct answer is B because the ovaries are the key glands that synthesize and release estrogen and progesterone. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the testes primarily produce testosterone, the adrenal glands produce cortisol and adrenaline, and the hypothalamus is a brain region involved in hormone regulation, not hormone production.
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland:
- A. is called a goiter.
- B. causes Addisonian crisis.
- C. makes a person appear cushingoid.
- D. causes hypocalcemic tetany.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct:
1. Enlargement of the thyroid gland is known as a goiter.
2. A goiter can result from various conditions like iodine deficiency or thyroid disorders.
3. It is a common sign of thyroid dysfunction.
4. Goiter may or may not cause symptoms depending on the underlying cause.
5. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer.
Summary:
- Choice B (Addisonian crisis) is incorrect as it is associated with adrenal insufficiency, not thyroid enlargement.
- Choice C (cushingoid appearance) is incorrect as it is related to excess cortisol production, not thyroid enlargement.
- Choice D (hypocalcemic tetany) is incorrect as it is due to low calcium levels, not thyroid enlargement.
Which organ does not have hormone production?
- A. heart
- B. kidney
- C. liver
- D. skin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: liver. The liver does not produce hormones. Hormones are primarily produced by endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, etc. The liver's main functions are related to metabolism, detoxification, and storage, rather than hormone production. The heart (choice A) produces hormones like atrial natriuretic peptide. The kidney (choice B) produces hormones like erythropoietin and renin. The skin (choice D) produces hormones like vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. Therefore, the liver is the only organ in the list that does not have hormone production.
Hypertensive effect of adrenaline is reversed by:
- A. Propranolol
- B. Phenylephrine
- C. Prazosin
- D. Amphetamine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Adrenaline causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure.
2. Prazosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist.
3. By blocking alpha-1 receptors, prazosin reverses the vasoconstrictive effects of adrenaline.
4. Propranolol (A) is a non-selective beta-blocker and would not directly counteract adrenaline's vasoconstrictive effects.
5. Phenylephrine (B) is a vasoconstrictor itself and would further exacerbate the hypertensive effect of adrenaline.
6. Amphetamine (D) is a sympathomimetic drug that would also enhance the hypertensive effects of adrenaline.
Summary:
Prazosin (C) is the correct answer as it specifically targets the alpha-1 adrenergic receptors responsible for the hypertensive effects of adrenaline. Propranolol, phenylephrine, and amphetamine would
Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?
- A. copper
- B. iodine
- C. sulfur
- D. zinc
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: iodine. Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) contain iodine atoms. Without sufficient iodine, the thyroid gland cannot produce these hormones, leading to thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism or goiter. Copper (A), sulfur (C), and zinc (D) are not directly involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Copper is important for enzyme function, sulfur is present in amino acids, and zinc is involved in various cellular processes but not specifically in thyroid hormone synthesis.
Glucocorticoids:
- A. convert amino acids into glucose.
- B. burn protein and fat as fuel to increase energy production.
- C. enable other hormones to perform normally.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because glucocorticoids have multiple functions including converting amino acids into glucose (A), burning protein and fat for energy production (B), and enabling other hormones to perform normally (C). Glucocorticoids regulate metabolism, immune response, and help the body cope with stress. Therefore, all of the choices are applicable in describing the functions of glucocorticoids.