Nokea
Examples for chemical vaccines are:
- A. Salk vaccine
- B. HPV vaccine
- C. Sabin vaccine
- D. Shiga anatoxin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Shiga anatoxin. This is because the Salk and Sabin vaccines are actually for polio, not chemical vaccines. HPV vaccine is a biological vaccine, not a chemical one. Shiga anatoxin is a chemical vaccine used against Shigella bacteria, making it the only correct choice for chemical vaccines in this question.
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Member of a family ‘Reoviruses' that causes diarrhea in infants is called:
- A. Rotavirus
- B. Congovirus
- C. Hepadnavirus
- D. Picornavirus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Rotavirus. Rotavirus is a member of the Reoviridae family known for causing diarrhea in infants. It infects the lining of the small intestine, leading to symptoms like vomiting and watery diarrhea.
Rationale:
1. Rotavirus is specifically known for causing diarrhea in infants.
2. Reoviruses are a family of viruses to which rotavirus belongs.
3. Congovirus (B), Hepadnavirus (C), and Picornavirus (D) do not belong to the Reoviridae family and are not associated with causing diarrhea in infants.
In summary, choice A is correct as it aligns with the characteristics of the given family of viruses and their associated symptoms, while choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not fit these criteria.
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing the disease diphtheria?
- A. Bacillus anthracis
- B. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This bacterium produces a toxin that causes diphtheria. It forms a grayish membrane in the throat, leading to difficulty breathing. Bacillus anthracis (Choice A) causes anthrax, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Choice C) causes pneumonia, and Escherichia coli (Choice D) causes various infections but not diphtheria.
Which bacteria produce endotoxins that can cause septic shock?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Salmonella enterica
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa all produce endotoxins that can lead to septic shock. Endotoxins are part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and can trigger a systemic inflammatory response if released into the bloodstream. E. coli and Salmonella are common causes of bacterial infections that can lead to septic shock, while P. aeruginosa is a known opportunistic pathogen that can produce endotoxins. Therefore, all three bacteria can cause septic shock by releasing endotoxins. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each of these bacteria individually can produce endotoxins that contribute to the development of septic shock.
The sample used to proving epidemic meningitis is:
- A. CSF transported at 37°C (CSF sample, blood, nasopharyngeal secretion)
- B. Feces
- C. CSF transported at +4°C
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) is the sample used for proving epidemic meningitis. It should be transported at 37°C to maintain its integrity. Blood and nasopharyngeal secretions are not typically used for diagnosing meningitis. Choice B, feces, is unrelated to the diagnosis of meningitis. Choice C, CSF transported at +4°C, is incorrect as it should be transported at 37°C to prevent degradation of the sample. Therefore, A is the correct choice for proving epidemic meningitis due to the specificity of the sample and the proper transport conditions.
Which is not true?
- A. Interferon beta is produced by the fibroblasts
- B. Interferon alpha is produced by the leukocytes
- C. Interferon gamma is produced by the lymphocytes
- D. Interferon delta is produced by the macrophages
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Interferon delta is not a known type of interferon, making choice D incorrect. Interferon beta is indeed produced by fibroblasts (choice A), interferon alpha by leukocytes (choice B), and interferon gamma by lymphocytes (choice C). Each type of interferon is produced by specific cells in the immune system, contributing to the body's defense against viruses and other pathogens.