Nokea
Excess prolactin causes:
- A. Acromegaly
- B. Gynecomastia
- C. Dwarfism
- D. Early Menopause
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Excess prolactin typically causes gynecomastia in men. Prolactin is a hormone primarily responsible for milk production in women. However, in men, elevated levels of prolactin can lead to various symptoms, with gynecomastia being one of the most common. Gynecomastia is the development of breast tissue in males, which can result in swelling and tenderness of the breasts. It is important to investigate the underlying cause of elevated prolactin levels as it could be due to various conditions such as pituitary tumors, certain medications, or thyroid disorders.
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Prolonged ingestion of iodine can produce goiter, and is known as:
- A. Jod-Basedow effect
- B. Sick euthyroid syndrome
- C. Wolf-Chaikoff effect
- D. Thyrotoxicosis factitia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The prolonged ingestion of iodine causing goiter is known as the Wolf-Chaikoff effect. This phenomenon occurs when high levels of iodine cause a temporary inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis, resulting in a decrease in thyroid hormone production. In some individuals, this can lead to the development of a goiter due to the lack of thyroid hormone feedback regulation. It is important to note that the Wolf-Chaikoff effect typically resolves on its own as the thyroid gland adapts to the increased iodine levels over time.
Phaeochromocytoma is not associated with:
- A. Weight gain
- B. Fear of death (angor animi)
- C. Paroxysmal hypertension
- D. Constipation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Phaeochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that usually originates from the adrenal glands and produces excess catecholamines. The characteristic symptoms of phaeochromocytoma include paroxysmal (sudden and severe) hypertension, fear of impending death (angor animi), and episodic symptoms like palpitations, headache, and diaphoresis. However, weight gain is not a typical manifestation associated with phaeochromocytoma. In fact, patients with this condition may experience unintentional weight loss due to the effects of excess catecholamines on metabolism and appetite suppression. Therefore, weight gain is not a significant feature observed in individuals with phaeochromocytoma.
Tetany is characterized by all of the following signs except:
- A. Trousseau's sign
- B. Tinel's sign
- C. Erb's sign
- D. Peroneal sign
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tetany is a condition characterized by involuntary muscle spasms and contractions due to low levels of calcium in the blood. The signs associated with tetany include Trousseau's sign, which is the carpal spasm elicited by inflating a blood pressure cuff above systolic pressure, and Chvostek's sign, which is the facial muscle spasm elicited by tapping on the facial nerve. Peroneal sign is not specifically associated with tetany but can be seen in conditions like peroneal nerve injury. Erb's sign, on the other hand, is not a recognized sign of tetany. It is associated with Erb's palsy, a condition resulting from injury to the brachial plexus nerves, typically during childbirth. Tinel's sign, which is a tingling sensation elicited by tapping over a compressed nerve, is also not a characteristic sign of tetany.
Upper segment > lower segment of body is found in all (in dwarfism) except:
- A. Pituitary dwarf
- B. Cretinism
- C. Achondroplasia
- D. Juvenile myxedema
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In dwarfism conditions, the upper body segment being greater than the lower body segment is a characteristic feature seen in Achondroplasia. This condition results in a disproportionately short stature with short limbs but a trunk of normal length.
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) excretion is increased in urine in:
- A. Conn's syndrome
- B. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- C. Testicular feminization syndrome
- D. Phaeochromocytoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is a metabolite of catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. Phaeochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumor that arises from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla or sympathetic ganglia. As a result of the increased production of catecholamines in patients with phaeochromocytoma, there is an increase in VMA excretion in the urine. This increase in VMA excretion is a significant diagnostic feature of phaeochromocytoma and helps in its detection through urine testing. Therefore, the correct choice is D. Phaeochromocytoma.