Nokea
Factors for transmission of nosocomial infections are:
- A. Medical dressings
- B. Breast milk
- C. Toys
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the factors listed can contribute to the transmission of nosocomial infections. Medical dressings can harbor pathogens, breast milk can be a source of infection if not handled properly, and toys can serve as fomites for spreading germs. Choosing any other option would be incorrect as they all play a role in facilitating the transmission of nosocomial infections. It is important to consider all potential sources of infection in healthcare settings to effectively prevent the spread of nosocomial infections.
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Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium:
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Salmonella enterica
- C. Shigella flexneri
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Salmonella enterica. Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. This specific strain of Salmonella is responsible for typhoid fever, a serious illness characterized by high fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Escherichia coli (choice A) is not the causative agent of typhoid fever. Shigella flexneri (choice C) causes bacillary dysentery, not typhoid fever. Staphylococcus aureus (choice D) can cause food poisoning but is not associated with typhoid fever.
By precipitation of tuberculin, a purified protein derivative (PPD) is obtained. It is used in:
- A. Mantoux test
- B. Schick test
- C. Dick test
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mantoux test. The Mantoux test is used to screen for tuberculosis by injecting PPD intradermally. The presence of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction indicates prior exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Schick test (B) is used to test for immunity to diphtheria, while the Dick test (C) is used to test for immunity to scarlet fever. Therefore, the correct use of PPD is in the Mantoux test for tuberculosis screening.
Which bacteria produce exotoxins that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Vibrio cholerae
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, All of the above. Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum toxin causing botulism, Vibrio cholerae produces cholera toxin leading to severe diarrhea, and certain strains of Escherichia coli produce toxins causing gastrointestinal illness. Each bacterium has specific exotoxins that can result in severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, all three choices are correct in producing exotoxins that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness.
Adenoviruses have helical capsids:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. Both answers can be correct depending on the given situation
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Adenoviruses are known to have icosahedral capsids, not helical.
Step 2: Helical capsids are typically found in viruses like tobacco mosaic virus.
Step 3: Therefore, the statement that adenoviruses have helical capsids is FALSE.
Summary: A is incorrect as adenoviruses do not have helical capsids. C is incorrect as there is no situation where adenoviruses have helical capsids. D is incorrect as there is a clear correct answer, which is B.
Chlorine belongs to which of the following chemical groups?
- A. Halogens
- B. Heavy metals
- C. Phenols
- D. Alcohols
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Halogens. Chlorine belongs to the halogens group because it is a nonmetal element in group 17 of the periodic table. Halogens are highly reactive elements that have 7 electrons in their outer shell, making them eager to gain an electron to achieve stability. Chlorine specifically is a diatomic molecule with the chemical symbol Cl and atomic number 17.
Option B: Heavy metals are elements with high atomic weights and densities, such as lead and mercury, which are not related to chlorine.
Option C: Phenols are a class of organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group bonded to an aromatic ring, not related to chlorine.
Option D: Alcohols are organic compounds characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group (-OH), also not related to chlorine.