Nokea
Feces are composed mainly of bacteria, mucosal cells, mucus, and what else?
- A. bile
- B. enzymes
- C. fiber
- D. chyme
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is 'C: fiber.' Feces are primarily made up of indigestible material, such as fiber. Bile (choice A) is produced by the liver to aid in digestion but is not a major component of feces. Enzymes (choice B) are involved in digestion but are not a significant component of feces. Chyme (choice D) is the semi-fluid mass of partially digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine and is not a major component of feces.
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What is the function of chylomicrons?
- A. Produced in the hepatic system.
- B. Composed of triglycerides and cholesterol only.
- C. Absorbed in the large intestine.
- D. Cleared from the blood by lipoprotein lipase.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Chylomicrons are particles that transport dietary fats from the small intestine to cells in the body. They are cleared from the bloodstream by lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in chylomicrons into fatty acids and glycerol. This process allows fats to be absorbed by the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because chylomicrons are not formed in the hepatic system, they are composed of various lipids including triglycerides and cholesterol, and they are absorbed in the small intestine, not the large intestine.
Why are bacteria found in the colon important?
- A. synthesize important vitamins.
- B. complete the process of absorption.
- C. synthesize some minerals.
- D. finish the process of digestion.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Bacteria found in the colon are important because they synthesize important vitamins, such as vitamin K. This aids in the body's overall health and functioning. Choice B is incorrect because absorption primarily occurs in the small intestine, not the colon. Choice C is incorrect as the synthesis of minerals is not a primary function of colon bacteria. Choice D is incorrect as the digestion process mainly occurs in the stomach and small intestine.
Mucus is produced by the salivary glands and the:
- A. intestinal glands.
- B. esophageal glands.
- C. pineal gland.
- D. islets of Langerhans.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mucus is produced by the salivary glands to moisten food and aid in swallowing. Additionally, the intestinal glands secrete mucus to protect the lining of the intestines. The other choices, esophageal glands, pineal gland, and islets of Langerhans, are not involved in the production of mucus in the digestive system.
The hormone secretin stimulates production of a buffering solution for the duodenum by the:
- A. stomach.
- B. liver.
- C. pancreas.
- D. oxyntic cells.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate, which acts as a buffering solution to neutralize the acid entering the duodenum from the stomach. This process helps in maintaining the pH balance in the small intestine. Choice A, stomach, is incorrect as the stomach does not produce the buffering solution needed for the duodenum. Choice B, liver, is incorrect because secretin does not directly stimulate the liver to produce a buffering solution. Choice D, oxyntic cells, is also incorrect as these cells in the stomach are responsible for producing gastric acid, not the buffering solution needed in the duodenum.
In a low-carbohydrate diet, most of the calories are supplied by:
- A. proteins.
- B. fats.
- C. carbohydrates.
- D. vitamins.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In a low-carbohydrate diet, fats become the primary source of calories as carbohydrate intake is restricted. Proteins can contribute to caloric intake but are not the primary source in a low-carbohydrate diet. Carbohydrates are intentionally limited in this diet, so they do not supply most of the calories. Vitamins are essential nutrients but do not provide calories.