Nokea
For a patient with celiac disease, which dietary modification is necessary?
- A. Increase protein intake
- B. Avoid gluten
- C. Increase dairy intake
- D. Avoid lactose
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Avoid gluten. Patients with celiac disease have an immune reaction to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals with celiac disease to avoid gluten-containing products. Increasing protein intake (Choice A) is not specifically necessary for celiac disease management. Increasing dairy intake (Choice C) is unrelated to the dietary requirements of individuals with celiac disease. Avoiding lactose (Choice D) is relevant for individuals with lactose intolerance, not celiac disease. Therefore, the only necessary modification for a patient with celiac disease is to avoid gluten.
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What is tocopherol?
- A. Vitamin B1
- B. Vitamin B2
- C. Vitamin B3
- D. Vitamin E
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.
Each statement is true of proteins, except one. Which is the exception?
- A. Proteins are composed of building blocks called amino acids
- B. The classification of the 20 common amino acids is based on the properties of their side chains
- C. The general structure of an amino acid varies considerably
- D. Amino acids polymerize to form long chains called polypeptides
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The classification of the 20 common amino acids is not based on the properties of their side chains, but rather on the structure of their amino and carboxyl groups. These groups are consistent among all amino acids, while the side chains, also known as R groups, are what vary and give each amino acid its unique properties. Choice A is correct because proteins are indeed composed of amino acids. Choice C is incorrect because while the side chains of amino acids can vary, the general structure of an amino acid - a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain - is consistent. Choice D is correct because amino acids do polymerize to form long chains called polypeptides, which can then fold into complex shapes to form proteins.
Intrinsic factor from the stomach is needed for the absorption of which vitamin?
- A. vitamin B12
- B. folate
- C. niacin
- D. vitamin B6
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: vitamin B12. Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein produced by the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor in the stomach, forming a complex that is then absorbed in the ileum. This absorption process is crucial for preventing vitamin B12 deficiency. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not require intrinsic factor for absorption. Folate is absorbed in the small intestine through a different mechanism, niacin can be absorbed in the small intestine without the need for intrinsic factor, and vitamin B6 does not rely on intrinsic factor for absorption.
Which of the following conditions is not caused by energy drinks?
- A. Nervousness
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Seizures
- D. Dental caries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Energy drinks are known for causing a variety of health issues, including nervousness, seizures, and an increased risk of dental caries due to their high sugar content. However, they do not cause bradycardia, which is a slow heart rate. Instead, energy drinks are associated with causing an increased or rapid heart rate, known as tachycardia. Therefore, out of the listed options, bradycardia is the condition not caused by energy drinks.
What level of sodium restriction would be included as part of nutrition therapy for heart failure?
- A. Less than 500 mg per day
- B. 1000 mg to 1500 mg per day
- C. 1500 mg to 3000 mg per day
- D. 3000 to 3500 mg per day
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is 1500 mg to 3000 mg per day. This is the level of sodium restriction typically recommended for heart failure patients. It helps manage fluid retention and reduce blood pressure, which are both crucial in treating heart failure. A sodium intake of less than 500 mg per day (Choice A) might be too restrictive and is not typically recommended. Similarly, an intake of 1000 mg to 1500 mg per day (Choice B) falls short of the recommended range. Lastly, an intake of 3000 to 3500 mg per day (Choice D) exceeds the recommended upper limit, potentially exacerbating fluid retention and high blood pressure.