Nokea
For children receiving steroid therapy, which of the following regimens is most appropriate for perioperative management?
- A. Prednisone 1 mg/kg given 24 and 12 hours before surgery
- B. Dexamethasone 0.6 mg/kg IV given 24 and 12 hours before surgery
- C. Hydrocortisone 5 mg/kg IV given 24 and 12 hours before surgery
- D. Methylprednisolone 10 mg/kg IV given 24 and 12 hours before surgery
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hydrocortisone is commonly used for perioperative steroid coverage due to its mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid effects.
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60 year-old Mrs. Torres arrived just in time for her doctor's appointment. She complains of pain and stiffness in her back. She is suspected of having osteoporosis. Nurse Ariane will inform Mrs. Torres that the primary complication of osteoporosis is:
- A. Increased trabeculae
- B. poor posture
- C. chronic pain
- D. fractures
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The primary complication of osteoporosis is fractures. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. Fractures, especially in the spine, hip, and wrist, are common complications of osteoporosis and can significantly impact an individual's quality of life. Patients with osteoporosis are at an increased risk of fractures from minor trauma or even during normal daily activities. Therefore, preventing fractures is a key focus in the management of osteoporosis to minimize pain, disability, and complications associated with bone fractures.
Nearly all cervical carcinomas contain human papillomavirus (HPV). Which of the following types is never associated with such malignancy?
- A. type6
- B. type 16
- C. type 18
- D. type 31
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: HPV type 6 is typically associated with low-grade lesions and genital warts, not cervical carcinoma.
Once admitted to hospital the physician indicates that Mr. Gubatan is a paraplegic. The family asks the nurse what that means. The nurse explains that:
- A. Upper extremities are paralyzed
- B. Both lower and upper extremities are
- C. Lower extremities are paralyzed paralyzed
- D. One side of the body is paralyzed
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Paraplegia is a condition characterized by the paralysis of both lower extremities. It does not affect the upper extremities or one side of the body specifically. When someone is described as a paraplegic, it means they have lost function and sensation in their lower limbs, usually due to a spinal cord injury or disease affecting the lower part of the spinal cord. This term helps provide a specific understanding of the type and location of the paralysis in the body.
A client has cancer that has me tastasized to her bones. She is complaining of increased thirst, polyuria and decreased muscle tone. Her lab values are: Na 139mEq/L, k 4 mEq/L, Cl 103 mEq/L, and Ca 8 mg/dl. What electrolyte imbalance is present?
- A. Hypocalcemia
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Hypercalcemia
- D. Hypochloremia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The patient's symptoms of increased thirst, polyuria, decreased muscle tone, and the lab value of high calcium (8 mg/dl) indicate hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia is commonly seen in cancer patients due to cancer metastasis to the bones, leading to the release of calcium. The other electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, and chloride) are within normal range, ruling out other electrolyte imbalances. Multiple myeloma is a common malignancy associated with bone metastases and hypercalcemia. Symptoms of hypercalcemia may include thirst, frequent urination, weakness, confusion, and muscle pain. Treatment of hypercalcemia may involve hydration, loop diuretics, bisphosphonates, and addressing the underlying cause.
all the following are true about seizures disorders except :
- A. involve involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation
- B. less than one third of seizures in children caused by epilepsy
- C. febrile seizure usually occur late in the course of high fever
- D. all the above are correct 120
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A febrile seizure is a convulsion in a young child triggered by a spike in body temperature, often from an infection. Febrile seizures typically occur early in the course of a high fever in children between the ages of 6 months to 5 years old. They are usually brief, lasting for less than five minutes. In about one-third of cases, febrile seizures may occur before the fever is noted by a caregiver. Therefore, the statement that febrile seizures usually occur late in the course of high fever is incorrect.