Nokea
For family Togaviridae is true that
- A. they have helical type of symmetry
- B. they have non-segmented (-)dsRNA
- C. they have non-segmented (+)ssRNA
- D. they are non-enveloped viruses
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Togaviridae is a family of viruses known to have non-segmented (+)ssRNA as their genetic material.
Step 2: The positive sense RNA means that the viral RNA can be directly translated into proteins by host machinery.
Step 3: This RNA genome acts as mRNA, allowing for immediate translation of viral proteins.
Step 4: Therefore, choice C is correct as it accurately describes the genetic nature of Togaviridae.
Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect because Togaviridae viruses do not have helical symmetry.
- Choice B is incorrect because Togaviridae viruses do not have non-segmented (-)dsRNA.
- Choice D is incorrect because Togaviridae viruses are enveloped viruses.
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After the transfer of the F plasmid from the donor to the recipient cell..
- A. It is not possible to predict the outcome
- B. The donor cells become F
- C. The two cells become F
- D. The two cells become F+
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: After the transfer of the F plasmid from the donor to the recipient cell, the correct answer is D. This is because the F plasmid carries genes for conjugation, allowing the recipient cell to become F+ (containing the F plasmid). The donor cell remains F. Choice A is incorrect as the outcome can be predicted based on the transfer of the F plasmid. Choice B is incorrect because the donor cell does not become F after transferring the F plasmid. Choice C is incorrect as only the recipient cell becomes F+, not both cells.
After 4 months of treatment for tuberculosis the patient began complaining of toes and fingers numbness, sensation of creeps. He was diagnosed with polyneuritis. What antituberculous drug might have caused these complications?
- A. Isoniazid
- B. Rifampicin
- C. Ciprofloxacin
- D. Sodium salt of benzylpenicillin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Isoniazid. Isoniazid is known to cause peripheral neuropathy as a side effect, especially with prolonged use. It can lead to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and weakness in the toes and fingers due to its neurotoxic effects. Rifampicin (B) is less likely to cause neuropathy. Ciprofloxacin (C) is not typically associated with neuropathy. Sodium salt of benzylpenicillin (D) is an antibiotic but is not known to cause polyneuritis.
Which of the following diseases is considered to fall in the group II category?
- A. Anthrax
- B. Lyme disease
- C. Mumps
- D. Smallpox
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mumps. Group II diseases are vaccine-preventable diseases that are communicable and can cause outbreaks. Mumps fits this criteria as it is preventable through vaccination, easily transmitted through respiratory droplets, and can lead to outbreaks in communities. Anthrax (A) is a zoonotic disease, Lyme disease (B) is transmitted by ticks, and Smallpox (D) has been eradicated.
Elementary and reticular bodies are morphological?
- A. Mycoplasma genitalium
- B. Chlamydia trachomatis
- C. Rickettsia prowazekii
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Chlamydia trachomatis. Elementary bodies (EBs) and reticular bodies (RBs) are two distinct forms of Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium causing various infections. EBs are the infectious form, while RBs are the replicative form within host cells. Mycoplasma genitalium (choice A) lacks a cell wall and does not have these specific morphological forms. Rickettsia prowazekii (choice C) is an obligate intracellular bacterium but does not exhibit the elementary and reticular body forms characteristic of Chlamydia trachomatis. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as only Chlamydia trachomatis exhibits the elementary and reticular bodies.
Patients planned for treatment with monoclonal antibodies are tested for:
- A. HBV
- B. HCV
- C. M. tuberculosis
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All are correct. Patients planned for treatment with monoclonal antibodies should be tested for HBV, HCV, and M. tuberculosis due to the risk of reactivation of these infections during treatment. HBV and HCV reactivation can lead to severe liver damage, while M. tuberculosis reactivation can cause serious respiratory complications. Testing for all three infections helps in identifying and managing any pre-existing infections to ensure patient safety during monoclonal antibody treatment. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each of these infections presents specific risks that need to be assessed before initiating monoclonal antibody therapy.