Nokea
Fraternal twins are ____________.
- A. genetically identical
- B. no more alike than ordinary siblings
- C. less common than other types of multiple offspring
- D. less likely with each additional birth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Fraternal twins are no more alike than ordinary siblings because they share about 50% of their genes, just like other siblings. Choice A is incorrect as fraternal twins are not genetically identical. Choice C is incorrect as fraternal twins are actually the most common type of multiple offspring. Choice D is incorrect as the likelihood of fraternal twins is not affected by the number of births a mother has had.
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Which of the following is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development?
- A. Birth length
- B. Combined Apgar score
- C. Delivery date
- D. Birth weight
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Birth weight.' Birth weight is a crucial indicator of an infant's chances of survival and well-being. Low birth weight is associated with various health risks and developmental challenges. Birth length (choice A) is not as significant in predicting infant outcomes as birth weight. The Combined Apgar score (choice B) is a measure of the newborn's health status at birth, not a predictor of long-term survival and development. Delivery date (choice C) is important for determining gestational age but is not as directly related to infant survival and healthy development as birth weight.
Among preschoolers, __________ contributes to gains in emotional self-regulation.
- A. permissive child rearing
- B. authoritarian child rearing
- C. language
- D. family size
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Corrected Rationale: Language development plays a crucial role in emotional self-regulation in preschoolers. It enables children to express and manage their emotions effectively. Choices A and B, permissive and authoritarian child rearing styles, focus more on the parenting approach rather than the child's intrinsic development. Family size, as mentioned in choice D, does not directly contribute to gains in emotional self-regulation.
Today, Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of __________.
- A. behavior modification
- B. punishment
- C. cognition
- D. reinforcement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Albert Bandura's theory emphasizes the role of cognition in learning through observation. It highlights the significance of mental processes such as attention, memory, and motivation in shaping behavior. Choice A, behavior modification, focuses more on changing specific behaviors through various techniques. Choice B, punishment, involves the application of negative consequences to reduce the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Choice D, reinforcement, centers on the use of rewards or punishments to increase or decrease the probability of a behavior.
A __________ is a means of building schemes in which an infant who has stumbled onto a new experience caused by his or her own motor activity tries to repeat the event again and again.
- A. sensorimotor reflex
- B. circular reaction
- C. mental representation
- D. goal-directed behavior
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A circular reaction is a process where an infant repeats a specific action to explore and learn about the environment through their own motor activity. This repetition helps the infant to understand the consequences of their actions and build cognitive schemes. Sensorimotor reflex (choice A) refers to automatic responses to stimuli, not a purposeful repetition of actions to learn. Mental representation (choice C) involves internal cognitive structures to represent objects or events in the mind, which is different from the repetitive behavior described in the question. Goal-directed behavior (choice D) is purposeful and intentional, unlike the repetitive nature of circular reactions in infants' learning process.
If learning has occurred in classical conditioning, and the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response similar to the reflexive response, the neutral stimulus is then called a __________.
- A. neutral response
- B. conditioned stimulus
- C. conditioned response
- D. reinforcer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In classical conditioning, when a neutral stimulus triggers the reflexive response, it becomes a conditioned stimulus. Therefore, the correct term for the neutral stimulus that now elicits a response is a conditioned stimulus. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect: A neutral response is not a standard term in classical conditioning; a conditioned response is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus, not the neutral stimulus itself; a reinforcer is a stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood of that behavior happening again, which is not the same as a conditioned stimulus.