Nokea
Fraternal twins are ____________.
- A. genetically identical
- B. no more alike than ordinary siblings
- C. less common than other types of multiple offspring
- D. less likely with each additional birth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Fraternal twins are no more alike than ordinary siblings because they share about 50% of their genes, just like other siblings. Choice A is incorrect as fraternal twins are not genetically identical. Choice C is incorrect as fraternal twins are actually the most common type of multiple offspring. Choice D is incorrect as the likelihood of fraternal twins is not affected by the number of births a mother has had.
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If learning has occurred in classical conditioning, and the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response similar to the reflexive response, the neutral stimulus is then called a __________.
- A. neutral response
- B. conditioned stimulus
- C. conditioned response
- D. reinforcer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In classical conditioning, when a neutral stimulus triggers the reflexive response, it becomes a conditioned stimulus. Therefore, the correct term for the neutral stimulus that now elicits a response is a conditioned stimulus. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect: A neutral response is not a standard term in classical conditioning; a conditioned response is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus, not the neutral stimulus itself; a reinforcer is a stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood of that behavior happening again, which is not the same as a conditioned stimulus.
__________, especially, are more insistent that __________ conform to gender roles.
- A. Mothers; boys
- B. Mothers; girls
- C. Fathers; girls
- D. Fathers; boys
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'Fathers; boys.' The extract provided indicates that fathers are particularly insistent that boys adhere to traditional gender roles, emphasizing masculinity. This is a common stereotype where fathers often push their sons to conform to societal expectations of masculinity. Choices A and B are incorrect because the extract specifies fathers, not mothers. Choice C is incorrect as it pairs fathers with girls, which is not supported by the provided information.
Self-esteem takes on a hierarchical structure in __________.
- A. toddlerhood
- B. preschool
- C. middle childhood
- D. adolescence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In middle childhood, self-esteem becomes more differentiated and organized into a hierarchy based on various domains of competence. This period marks a time when children start to compare their abilities in different areas, such as academic performance, social skills, and physical abilities. Toddlerhood and preschool years are characterized by the development of basic self-awareness and self-concept, but self-esteem hierarchy typically emerges later in middle childhood and further solidifies in adolescence as individuals navigate complex social dynamics and personal identities.
The negative outcome of Erikson's midlife stage, stagnation, focuses on __________.
- A. role confusion
- B. selflessness
- C. self-indulgence
- D. guilt and shame
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'self-indulgence'. Stagnation in Erikson's midlife stage refers to a lack of growth and self-indulgence, leading to a feeling of unproductiveness. This contrasts with 'role confusion' (A), which is associated with Erikson's adolescence stage, 'selflessness' (B) which is a positive trait, and 'guilt and shame' (D) which are emotions typically associated with earlier stages of development.
How does physical activity impact mental health?
- A. Reduces anxiety and depression
- B. Improves mood, but decreases alertness
- C. Decreases mood, alertness, and energy
- D. Decreases neural activity in the cerebral cortex
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Physical activity is known to have a positive impact on mental health by reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. Choice B is incorrect because physical activity generally improves both mood and alertness. Choice C is incorrect as physical activity tends to increase mood, alertness, and energy levels. Choice D is incorrect as physical activity actually increases neural activity in the cerebral cortex, which is associated with improved cognitive function and mental well-being.