Nokea
Functional causes of opening Snap (either due to swift opening of AV valve or due to excess flow across the valve) is seen in all, except
- A. Mitral regurgitation
- B. Ventricular septal defect
- C. Atrial septal defect
- D. First degree AV block
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: First degree AV block is not typically associated with an opening snap.
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Down syndrome and VSD
- A. Doesn't close spontaneously as in children without downs
- B. Inaudible murmur is a characteristic feature / Murmur is not audible
- C. Pulmonary Hypertension is a late complication
- D. If no murmur, condition need not be investigated
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pulmonary hypertension is a known late complication in Down syndrome with VSD.
An infant is experiencing dyspnea related to patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). What does the nurse understand regarding why dyspnea occurs?
- A. Blood is circulated through the lungs again, causing pulmonary circulatory congestion.
- B. Blood is shunted past the pulmonary circulation, causing pulmonary hypoxia.
- C. Blood is shunted past cardiac arteries, causing myocardial hypoxia.
- D. Blood is circulated through the ductus from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the left side of the heart.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When PDA is present, oxygenated blood recycles through the lungs, overburdening the pulmonary circulation.
Common causes of recurrent haematuria are:
- A. Berger's disease
- B. Goodpasture's syndrome
- C. Renal stones
- D. Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy) is a common cause of recurrent haematuria. The other options (b-e) are less common or present differently.
An older adult with heart failure is hospitalized during an acute exacerbation. To reduce cardiac workload, which intervention should the nurse include in the client's plan of care?
- A. Assist with ambulation in the hallway
- B. Encourage active range of motion exercises
- C. Provide a bedside commode for toileting
- D. Teach to sleep in a side-laying position
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Providing a bedside commode reduces the need for the client to walk to the bathroom, decreasing strain on the heart.
An adult client is admitted with flank pain and is diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis. What is the priority nursing action?
- A. Auscultate for presence of bowel sounds.
- B. Monitor hemoglobin and hematocrit
- C. Encourage turning and deep breathing
- D. Administer IV antibiotics as prescribed.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Administering IV antibiotics promptly is critical to treat the infection and prevent complications in acute pyelonephritis.