Nokea
Gabriel is depressed as he has been looking for a job for the past year without success. Today, his best friend tried to give him two books on job interviews, but he turned down the offer. What concept best explains his reaction?
- A. Observational learning
- B. Insight learning
- C. Learned helplessness
- D. Modeling
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Gabriel's reaction of turning down the offer of job interview books from his friend despite being depressed and unsuccessful in job hunting best fits the concept of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness occurs when individuals believe they have no control over their situation, leading to passivity and feelings of helplessness. In this case, Gabriel's refusal of the books indicates a sense of resignation and belief that his efforts in finding a job will not be successful, reflecting learned helplessness. Observational learning, insight learning, and modeling do not directly align with Gabriel's reaction in this context.
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Marissa wants to study people's emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate, Bernard, tells her that she should focus on observable behaviors rather than internal states in her study. Bernard's views are most similar to those found in?
- A. The psychodynamic perspective.
- B. The evolutionary perspective.
- C. The behavioral perspective.
- D. The biological perspective.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bernard's advice to focus on observable behaviors aligns with the behavioral perspective. Behaviorists emphasize studying external actions rather than internal states to understand human behavior. The psychodynamic perspective (Choice A) focuses on unconscious processes, the evolutionary perspective (Choice B) on adaptation and natural selection, and the biological perspective (Choice D) on the biological underpinnings of behavior, making them less similar to Bernard's suggestion.
What would a humanist most likely say about Manny's passivity?
- A. Manny will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated feelings of inferiority.
- B. Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.
- C. Manny simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can learn and practice assertive behaviors.
- D. Manny should undergo analysis so that he can begin to resolve whatever unconscious conflict is at the root of his passivity.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Humanists believe in the inherent goodness and potential of individuals. They would most likely say that Manny can become more assertive by improving his self-esteem and recognizing his abilities. Choice A is incorrect because humanists focus on self-actualization rather than deep-seated feelings of inferiority. Choice C is incorrect as it oversimplifies the issue by suggesting a training class can solve the problem without addressing underlying beliefs. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests a psychoanalytic approach, while humanists usually emphasize personal growth and self-improvement.
Jason, a 4-year-old boy, believes that it gets cloudy and rainy every time he is sad. He concluded that his sadness is the cause of the bad weather. This tendency is known as?
- A. Irreversibility
- B. Centration
- C. Animism
- D. Transduction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Transduction. Transduction refers to when a child believes that their feelings or actions cause unrelated events, such as a child thinking their sadness causes rain. Choice A, Irreversibility, is incorrect as it relates to the belief that actions cannot be undone, which is more related to conservation tasks in Piaget's theory. Choice B, Centration, refers to the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation, overlooking other relevant aspects. Choice C, Animism, is the attribution of lifelike qualities to inanimate objects, which is not applicable in this scenario.
Unlike those with autism spectrum disorder, those with reactive attachment disorder have a history of:
- A. Schizoid personality disorder
- B. Autism spectrum disorder
- C. Reactive attachment disorder
- D. Disinhibited social engagement disorder
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Reactive attachment disorder. Individuals with reactive attachment disorder have a history of severe social neglect, which distinguishes it from autism spectrum disorder. Choice A, Schizoid personality disorder, is incorrect as it is not typically associated with the history described in reactive attachment disorder. Choice B, Autism spectrum disorder, is incorrect because individuals with autism spectrum disorder do not necessarily have a history of severe social neglect. Choice D, Disinhibited social engagement disorder, is also incorrect as it is a separate attachment disorder characterized by indiscriminate social behavior, not necessarily a history of neglect.
In an experiment, the investigators manipulate variables to learn how one affects another.?
- A. A data-collection method in which participants respond to questions
- B. The entire group that is of interest to a researcher
- C. A detailed description of a single culture or context
- D. A study that tests a causal hypothesis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in an experimental design, investigators manipulate variables to determine the effect of one on another. This process allows researchers to test causal hypotheses by manipulating one variable while keeping others constant. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly relate to manipulating variables in an experiment.