Nokea
Glycaemic profiles of people with diabetes varies with all EXCEPT:
- A. Diet
- B. Exercise
- C. Stress
- D. Monitoring of blood glucose
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sugar swings food, sweat, drugs, checks shift it; dress' is a typo for stress, but stress fits, not fabric. Nurses track this chronic dance, not wardrobe.
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In patients who are awake during craniotomy, appropriate statements include:
- A. For a temporal lesion, neurosurgeons are likely to require the sitting position.
- B. A tracheal tube is likely to be used.
- C. A urinary catheter is likely to be inserted.
- D. Intraoperative seizures are likely to occur during cortical mapping.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Awake craniotomy allows functional mapping and patient cooperation. The sitting position is rare due to air embolism risks and is not specific to temporal lesions; supine or lateral positions are standard. A tracheal tube is avoided to maintain airway control via less invasive means (e.g., nasal cannula), as patients must remain responsive. A urinary catheter is routine for longer procedures to manage fluid balance and patient comfort, given immobility and duration. Patient anxiety is common but manageable, not an absolute contraindication. Seizures can occur during cortical mapping due to electrical stimulation, but likely' overstates frequency; they're a risk, not a certainty. The urinary catheter's inclusion reflects practical perioperative care, ensuring monitoring and comfort without interrupting the procedure's focus on brain function preservation.
What is an important independent risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
- A. Alcohol use
- B. Ethnicity
- C. Socioeconomic status
- D. All three options above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ethnicity stands tall South Asians, Hispanics outpace Caucasians in type 2 risk, genes and fat patterns at play. Alcohol's murky, socioeconomic status shapes access, not biology nurses see heritage trump these, a chronic marker needing tailored screens.
Prescription of long term oxygen therapy has some very strict guidelines. In order to qualify for this treatment, the patient has to:
- A. Be admitted to hospital 3 times within a 12 month time frame with acute exacerbation of COPD
- B. Demonstrate a significant impairment of QOL because of dyspnoea and decreased exercise capacity
- C. Have very high levels of anxiety which impact on their ability to self-manage and increase stress on carer
- D. Have a diagnosis of severe COPD with PaO2 of >55 mmHg, or evidence of tissue hypoxia and end organ damage
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: O2's lifeline demands proof severe COPD with PaO2 ≤55 mmHg or hypoxia's organ bite, a strict cut. Admissions, QOL dips, anxiety don't seal it hypoxemia does. Nurses gatekeep this, a chronic oxygen rule.
Which is not associated with atypical pneumonia?
- A. abnormal LFTs
- B. hypernatremia
- C. hypophosphatemia
- D. bilateral patchy infiltrates on CXR
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atypical pneumonia LFTs wobble, phosphates drop, CXR patches, agglutinins rise; sodium stays. Nurses skip this chronic salt glitch.
A chemotherapeutic agent that is classified as a vesicant is capable of what effect if deposited into subcutaneous tissue?
- A. Tissue necrosis, damage to tendons, nerves and blood vessels
- B. Mild discomfort
- C. Bruising and paraesthesia
- D. No side effects
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vesicants like doxorubicin chew tissue necrosis, nerve-tendon wreck if leaked, not mild or nil. Nurses dread this, a chronic chemo spill.