Nokea
Heparin is an anticoagulant produced by the basophils. The most likely mechanism heparin prevents blood clotting is by
- A. Inhibiting the formation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
- B. Preventing the activation of platelets
- C. Preventing the aggregation of platelets
- D. Binding to antithrombin III to inactivate thrombin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because heparin binds to antithrombin III, enhancing its ability to inactivate thrombin. This prevents the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, thereby inhibiting blood clot formation. Choice A is incorrect because vitamin K-dependent clotting factors are not directly affected by heparin. Choice B is incorrect because heparin does not prevent the activation of platelets, rather it affects the coagulation cascade. Choice C is incorrect as heparin does not directly prevent platelet aggregation, which is more related to antiplatelet agents like aspirin.
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Heparin is an anticoagulant produced by the basophils. The most likely mechanism heparin prevents blood clotting is by
- A. Inhibiting the formation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
- B. Preventing the activation of platelets
- C. Preventing the aggregation of platelets
- D. Binding to antithrombin III to inactivate thrombin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because heparin binds to antithrombin III, enhancing its ability to inactivate thrombin. This prevents the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, thereby inhibiting blood clot formation. Choices A and B are incorrect because heparin does not affect vitamin K-dependent clotting factors or platelet activation. Choice C is incorrect because heparin does not directly prevent platelet aggregation.
Which of the following is the most suitable anti malarial drug for pregnant women?
- A. Atovaquone and proguanil
- B. Quinine and doxycycline
- C. Quinine and clindamycin
- D. Primaquine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Quinine and clindamycin. Quinine is recommended for pregnant women due to its safety profile in pregnancy. Clindamycin is often used in combination with quinine to treat malaria during pregnancy.
A: Atovaquone and proguanil are not recommended for pregnant women due to limited safety data.
B: Quinine and doxycycline should be avoided in pregnancy as doxycycline can harm the fetus.
D: Primaquine is not recommended during pregnancy due to potential risks to the fetus.
In summary, the combination of quinine and clindamycin is the most suitable anti-malarial drug for pregnant women due to their safety profiles and efficacy in treating malaria without harming the fetus.
A nurse is preparing to administer a prescribed dose of desmopressin to a client who has hemophilia A. The client's laboratory results indicate that the client has a sodium level of 130 mEq/L. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A. Clarify the prescription with the provider.
- B. Administer the drug with an analgesic.
- C. Administer the required dose orally.
- D. Assess factor IX levels.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clarify the prescription with the provider. Desmopressin is a medication that can cause hyponatremia, especially in patients with low sodium levels like this client. Before administering desmopressin, the nurse should consult with the provider to ensure it is safe to administer the medication given the client's sodium level. Administering the drug without clarifying may worsen the hyponatremia.
Choice B is incorrect because administering the drug with an analgesic is not necessary or relevant in this situation. Choice C is incorrect because desmopressin is typically administered via injection, not orally. Choice D is incorrect because assessing factor IX levels is not directly related to the administration of desmopressin in this scenario.
A patient with a bleeding disorder is prescribed an infusion of plasma. What should the nurse explain as being the purpose of this infusion?
- A. Contains clotting factors
- B. Carries oxygen to the tissues
- C. Supports cellular metabolism
- D. Removes waste products from cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Contains clotting factors. Plasma contains essential clotting factors like fibrinogen, Factor VIII, and others that are necessary for blood clotting in patients with bleeding disorders. This infusion helps improve the patient's ability to form blood clots and control bleeding.
B: Plasma does not carry oxygen to tissues; that is the role of red blood cells.
C: Plasma does not directly support cellular metabolism; that is the function of nutrients.
D: Plasma does not remove waste products from cells; that is the role of the kidneys and liver.
Best tit modality in CML is:
- A. hydroxyurea
- B. allogenic BMT
- C. interferon alpha
- D. radiotherapy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best treatment modality for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is allogenic Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) due to its potential for cure by replacing abnormal cells with healthy donor cells. Hydroxyurea only controls symptoms, interferon alpha has limited efficacy, and radiotherapy is not a standard treatment for CML. BMT offers a curative potential by replacing cancerous cells with healthy donor cells, making it the most effective option for treating CML.