Nokea
Hormonal agents are used to treat some cancers. An example is:
- A. thyroxine to treat thyroid cancer.
- B. ACTH to treat adrenal carcinoma.
- C. estrogen antagonists to treat breast cancer.
- D. glucagon to treat pancreatic carcinoma.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Estrogen antagonists are commonly used to treat estrogen hormone-dependent cancers such as breast carcinoma. One well-known estrogen antagonist used in breast cancer therapy is Tamoxifen (Nolvadex). This drug, in combination with surgery and other chemotherapeutic drugs, reduces breast cancer recurrence by 30%. Estrogen antagonists can also be administered to prevent breast cancer in women who have a strong family history. Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism, not thyroid cancer. ACTH is an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands to release glucocorticoids; it does not treat adrenal cancer. Glucagon is a pancreatic alpha cell hormone that stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; it does not treat pancreatic cancer.
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While walking in the hallway of an acute care unit of the hospital, the nurse overhears the change of shift report. What should the nurse do?
- A. Make the charge nurse on the unit aware of the situation so that they can take the necessary steps to maintain the confidentiality of the information being reported.
- B. Disregard the information because it changes quickly on the acute care unit and is outdated within 2-3 hours anyway.
- C. Return to their own unit and not disclose that confidential information has been overheard.
- D. Ignore the situation.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: To protect the confidentiality of the information being reported, the nurse should make the charge nurse on the unit aware of the situation. This allows the charge nurse to take necessary steps to maintain confidentiality and ensure that the information is communicated in an appropriate and private manner. Disclosing the situation to the charge nurse is essential to address any breaches in confidentiality and uphold professional standards of privacy and ethics. Disregarding the information, returning to their own unit without disclosure, or ignoring the situation altogether would not address the breach of confidentiality and could lead to further issues regarding patient privacy and trust.
A client goes to the mental health center for difficulty concentrating, insomnia, and nightmares. The client reports being raped as a child. The nurse should assess the client for further signs of:
- A. generalized anxiety disorder.
- B. schizophrenia.
- C. post-traumatic stress disorder.
- D. bipolar disorder.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Given the history of childhood sexual abuse and the presenting symptoms of difficulty concentrating, insomnia, and nightmares, the nurse should assess the client for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Childhood sexual abuse is strongly associated with adult-onset depression and an increased risk for PTSD. Individuals with PTSD may exhibit re-experiencing symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, and heightened reactions to trauma triggers. They may also display emotional numbing, avoidance behaviors, and increased arousal symptoms like difficulty sleeping and hypervigilance. Generalized anxiety disorder (Choice A) is characterized by excessive worry and anxiety about various events or activities, not necessarily tied to a specific trauma. Schizophrenia (Choice B) is a severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior, unrelated to the traumatic event described. Bipolar disorder (Choice D) involves mood swings between depressive and manic episodes, and its symptoms differ from those typically seen in PTSD.
The mother of a newborn child is very upset. The child has a cleft lip and palate. The type of crisis this mother is experiencing is:
- A. reactive.
- B. maturational.
- C. situational.
- D. adventitious.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The mother is experiencing a situational crisis as the unexpected birth of a child with a cleft lip and palate has placed her in a challenging situation she did not anticipate. This type of crisis is triggered by specific events and circumstances. Choice A, reactive, implies responding to a stressor after it has occurred, which is not the case here. Choice B, maturational, refers to stress related to developmental stages, not to external events like the child's condition. Choice D, adventitious, involves crises resulting from events outside one's control, such as natural disasters, which do not apply in this scenario.
A mother has just given birth to a baby who died soon after. The mother has been crying and states, "I can't believe this has happened to me. I did everything right during this pregnancy."? How should the nurse respond to this mother?
- A. Tell her she did nothing wrong; it was God's will.
- B. Tell her she can have another baby.
- C. Tell her that her behavior is not going to solve anything.
- D. Tell her nothing and let her mourn this loss in the manner she chooses.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Perinatal loss is a significant tragedy for parents, and it is crucial to provide sensitive and compassionate care. When a mother expresses her disbelief and feelings of doing everything right during the pregnancy, it is important for the nurse to acknowledge her pain and allow her to grieve in her way. Telling her that she did nothing wrong and it was God's will (Choice A) may not be comforting and can come across as dismissive of her feelings. Suggesting she can have another baby (Choice B) is insensitive and overlooks the grief she is experiencing for the current loss. Telling her that her behavior is not going to solve anything (Choice C) is invalidating her emotions and not supportive in this situation. Therefore, the best approach is to support her in her mourning process by respecting her feelings and allowing her to express her grief as she sees fit.
When caring for a Native-American family, what does the nurse need to consider?
- A. The family may consist of extended family members beyond parents and children.
- B. Native Americans tend to value their heritage and traditions.
- C. Some Native Americans use herbs and psychologic treatments for illnesses.
- D. Health care practices vary among different tribes and individuals.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: When caring for a Native-American family, it is crucial to acknowledge and respect their cultural beliefs and practices. Choice A, while relevant, is not as specific as understanding the use of herbs and psychologic treatments in Native American healing practices. Choice B, though generally true, does not directly impact the nursing care provided. Choice D, although true, is too broad and does not focus on the specific aspect of treatment practices. Choice C is the most appropriate answer as it highlights the importance of recognizing and incorporating traditional healing methods into the nursing care plan, promoting culturally sensitive and holistic care.