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How are kidney stones formed?
- A. Due to excess water not being reabsorbed
- B. When minerals crystallize in the urine
- C. When electrolytes become too concentrated
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Kidney stones are formed when minerals in the urine crystallize and stick together to form solid masses. Excess water not being reabsorbed (option A) does not directly contribute to kidney stone formation. Similarly, electrolytes becoming too concentrated (option C) is not a direct cause of kidney stone formation. The correct answer is B because the crystallization of minerals in the urine leads to the formation of kidney stones.
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Which of the following is an example of a secondary alcohol?
- A. Methanol
- B. Ethanol
- C. Isopropanol
- D. Butanol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Isopropanol is indeed an example of a secondary alcohol because the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group is bonded to two other carbon atoms. In isopropanol, the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to two other carbon atoms. Methanol (Choice A) is a primary alcohol with the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to one other carbon atom. Ethanol (Choice B) is also a primary alcohol with the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to one other carbon atom. Butanol (Choice D) is a primary alcohol with the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to three other carbon atoms, making it a primary alcohol.
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
- A. Digesting and absorbing nutrients
- B. Storing and mixing food
- C. Breaking down carbohydrates
- D. Absorbing water and electrolytes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes from the indigestible food matter that passes through it. This absorption process aids in the formation of solid waste (feces) before it is excreted from the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the large intestine does not primarily digest and absorb nutrients, store and mix food, or break down carbohydrates. These functions are primarily carried out by the small intestine.
How does polarization affect the intensity of light passing through a polarizing filter?
- A. All light passes through regardless of polarization.
- B. Light with the same polarization as the filter passes through, while others are blocked.
- C. Light with higher intensity passes through, while weaker light is blocked.
- D. The intensity is reduced for all light, regardless of polarization.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A polarizing filter only allows light waves with a specific orientation (polarization) to pass through while blocking light waves with different orientations. Therefore, light with the same polarization as the filter will pass through, while light with different polarizations will be blocked. This results in a reduction in intensity for light passing through the polarizing filter. Choice A is incorrect because a polarizing filter selectively filters light based on its polarization. Choice C is incorrect as the intensity of light passing through is determined by its polarization, not solely its intensity. Choice D is incorrect because a polarizing filter affects light based on its polarization, not uniformly reducing the intensity for all light passing through.
What is the primary function of lymph nodes, small, bean-shaped structures found along lymphatic vessels?
- A. To store excess lymph fluid
- B. To produce red blood cells
- C. To filter lymph and fight infection
- D. To transport lymph to the heart
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Lymph nodes primarily function to filter lymph and fight infection. They contain immune cells that help to remove pathogens and foreign particles from the lymph fluid as it passes through the nodes. This process helps to activate the immune response and defend the body against infections. Choice A is incorrect as lymph nodes do not store excess lymph fluid; they filter lymph. Choice B is incorrect as the production of red blood cells primarily occurs in the bone marrow, not in lymph nodes. Choice D is incorrect as lymph nodes do not transport lymph to the heart; they filter and process lymph to remove impurities and activate the immune response.
What is the process of converting lactic acid back into pyruvate called?
- A. Glycolysis
- B. Gluconeogenesis
- C. Cori cycle
- D. Oxidative phosphorylation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A) Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate.
B) Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
C) The Cori cycle is the process by which lactic acid produced by anaerobic metabolism in muscles is transported to the liver and converted back into glucose or pyruvate.
D) Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is synthesized using energy derived from the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain.