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How do antiplatelet medications work?
- A. Stimulate the plasmin system.
- B. Alter the formation of the platelet plug.
- C. Initiate the clotting cascade.
- D. Interfere with the clotting cascade.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alter the formation of the platelet plug. Antiplatelet medications work by inhibiting platelet aggregation, preventing the formation of blood clots. They do not stimulate the plasmin system (A), initiate the clotting cascade (C), or interfere with the clotting cascade (D). By blocking platelet aggregation, these medications help reduce the risk of thrombosis and cardiovascular events.
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A patient is diagnosed with borderline hypertension and states a desire to make lifestyle changes to avoid needing to take medication. The nurse advises:
- A. Changing from weight-bearing exercise to yoga.
- B. Decreased fluid intake and increased potassium intake.
- C. Stress reduction and increased protein intake.
- D. Weight reduction and decreased sodium intake.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Weight reduction and decreased sodium intake. Weight reduction helps lower blood pressure by reducing strain on the heart and blood vessels. Decreasing sodium intake is crucial as high sodium levels can lead to increased blood pressure. Changing from weight-bearing exercise to yoga (choice A) may not be as effective in lowering blood pressure. Decreased fluid intake and increased potassium intake (choice B) might not directly address the root cause of hypertension. Stress reduction and increased protein intake (choice C) may not have a direct impact on blood pressure compared to weight reduction and sodium intake.
A nurse is caring for a neonate born with a congenital heart abnormality. To better help the parents understand the impact of this disorder, the nurse begins by describing the unusual flow of blood through the heart which takes what course?
- A. Deoxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through the pulmonary artery.
- B. Deoxygenated blood from the lungs enters the right atrium through the pulmonary artery.
- C. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the right atrium through the pulmonary veins.
- D. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. In a normal heart, oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. This oxygen-rich blood then flows into the left ventricle and is pumped out to the body. In a neonate with a congenital heart abnormality, this pathway may be disrupted, leading to potential complications.
Choice A is incorrect because deoxygenated blood from the body, not the lungs, enters the right atrium through the vena cava. Choice B is incorrect as deoxygenated blood from the lungs enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava. Choice C is incorrect as oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium, not the right atrium.
Understanding the normal flow of blood through the heart is crucial for comprehending the impact of congenital heart abnormalities on circulation and oxygenation in neonates.
What drug would the nurse administer to treat a patient diagnosed with bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
- A. Glycopyrrolate.
- B. Ipratropium.
- C. Atropine.
- D. Flavoxate.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ipratropium. Ipratropium is an anticholinergic bronchodilator that helps relax the muscles in the airways, making it effective in treating bronchospasm in COPD. Glycopyrrolate (A) is also an anticholinergic but not commonly used for bronchospasm. Atropine (C) is not typically used for COPD-related bronchospasm. Flavoxate (D) is a urinary antispasmodic and not indicated for bronchospasm.
The patient asks the nurse what atorvastatin (Lipitor) newly prescribed will do. What's the expected outcome the nurse will describe?
- A. Decrease in sitosterol and serum cholesterol.
- B. Decrease in campesterol and LDL levels.
- C. Decrease in serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels.
- D. Decrease in serum cholesterol only.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because atorvastatin works by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, leading to a decrease in serum cholesterol and LDL levels. This is the expected outcome that the nurse will describe to the patient. Choice A is incorrect because sitosterol is not primarily targeted by atorvastatin. Choice B is incorrect as campesterol is not a main focus of atorvastatin. Choice D is incorrect because atorvastatin also targets LDL levels, not just serum cholesterol.
The nurse is taking a health history on a 38-year-old man who is taking atorvastatin (Lipitor) for high cholesterol. What will the nurse query specifically related to the safety of this drug?
- A. Nicotine.
- B. Caffeine.
- C. Herbal therapy.
- D. Alcohol.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Alcohol. Atorvastatin is metabolized by the liver, as is alcohol. Consuming alcohol while taking atorvastatin can increase the risk of liver damage. The nurse should query about the man's alcohol consumption to assess potential interactions. Choices A, B, and C do not have significant interactions with atorvastatin. Alcohol poses the most significant risk due to its impact on liver function when combined with atorvastatin.