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How do socioeconomic factors influence mental health?
- A. Socioeconomic factors have no impact on mental health.
- B. Socioeconomic factors are the primary determinants of mental health.
- C. Socioeconomic factors are irrelevant to mental health.
- D. Socioeconomic factors can exacerbate but not cause mental health issues.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Socioeconomic factors are indeed primary determinants of mental health. These factors influence mental health by impacting access to resources, stress levels, and overall well-being. Choice A is incorrect as socioeconomic factors do have a significant impact on mental health. Choice C is incorrect as socioeconomic factors play a crucial role in mental health outcomes. Choice D is incorrect as socioeconomic factors can both exacerbate and cause mental health issues.
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How does the concept of neural plasticity relate to recovery from brain injuries?
- A. Neural plasticity means the brain cannot recover from injuries.
- B. Neural plasticity allows the brain to recover and reorganize after injuries.
- C. Neural plasticity refers to the brain's inability to change after injury.
- D. Neural plasticity is a myth.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Neural plasticity allows the brain to recover and reorganize after injuries. It is the brain's ability to adapt and change, forming new connections or reorganizing existing ones to compensate for damage. Choice A is incorrect as neural plasticity enables recovery. Choice C is incorrect as neural plasticity involves the brain's capacity to change. Choice D is incorrect as neural plasticity is a well-established phenomenon in neuroscience.
One of Freud's major contributions to current perspectives of mental disorders is ________.
- A. the concept of the Oedipal complex.
- B. the concept of the unconscious and how it can affect behavior.
- C. the concept of the Electra complex.
- D. the understanding of the three structures of personality.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Freud's major contribution to current perspectives of mental disorders is the concept of the unconscious and its influence on behavior. While the Oedipal complex (Choice A) and Electra complex (Choice C) are important psychoanalytic concepts introduced by Freud, they are more focused on childhood psychosexual development rather than mental disorders. The understanding of the three structures of personality (Choice D) refers to Freud's id, ego, and superego model, which is essential in psychoanalytic theory but not specifically related to mental disorders.
The interpersonal perspective ________.
- A. arose as a reaction against the unscientific methods of psychoanalysis.
- B. was introduced by Erik Erikson.
- C. emphasizes social rather than inner determinants of behavior.
- D. is the most influential humanistic perspective today.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The interpersonal perspective emphasizes social rather than inner determinants of behavior. Choice A is incorrect as the interpersonal perspective focuses on social interactions rather than being a reaction against psychoanalysis. Choice B is incorrect as the interpersonal perspective is not specifically attributed to Erik Erikson. Choice D is incorrect as the most influential humanistic perspective today would be humanistic psychology, not the interpersonal perspective.
Why is it difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members?
- A. Cause and effect cannot be determined as preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may make divorce more likely.
- B. The findings have been too inconsistent to draw any conclusions.
- C. While the effects of divorce are negative on children, the effects on the spouses are generally positive.
- D. Due to modern acceptance of divorce, there has been an ongoing decrease in the negative effects of divorce.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it highlights a crucial factor that makes it challenging to establish a clear cause and effect relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members. Preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may influence both the likelihood of divorce and the psychological functioning of family members. Choice B is incorrect as it generalizes the findings without specifying the key issue of preexisting conditions. Choice C is incorrect as it oversimplifies the effects of divorce on family members. Choice D is incorrect as it presents a broad statement without addressing the complexities involved in determining the effects of divorce.
Defense mechanisms ________.
- A. make a person feel more anxious and have more problems, as they begin to act defensively.
- B. are strategies the id uses to try to achieve its desires.
- C. are conscious, intentional attempts to cope effectively with an anxiety-producing event.
- D. help a person feel less anxious, but because they usually work by distorting reality, they are not always adaptive.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because defense mechanisms aim to reduce anxiety but can lead to distortion of reality, making them not always beneficial. Choice A is incorrect as defense mechanisms are meant to reduce anxiety, not increase it. Choice B is incorrect because defense mechanisms are not strategies of the id specifically. Choice C is incorrect as defense mechanisms are often unconscious and not always intentional.