Nokea
How does interferon help the body’s natural defenses?
- A. Directly attacks and destroys virus-infected cells
- B. Augments the immune response by activating phagocytes
- C. Induces production of antiviral proteins in cells that prevent viral replication
- D. Is produced by viral infected cells and prevents the transmission of the virus to adjacent cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Interferons induce the production of antiviral proteins in uninfected cells, preventing viral replication and spread.
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What is the role of innate immunity in relation to adaptive immunity?
- A. It suppresses adaptive immunity
- B. It instructs and activates adaptive immunity
- C. It replaces adaptive immunity during infections
- D. It functions independently of adaptive immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because innate immunity instructs and activates adaptive immunity. Innate immunity serves as the first line of defense against pathogens, recognizing and initiating a response to pathogens. It then communicates with adaptive immunity, providing signals and antigens to activate and guide the adaptive immune response. This collaboration is crucial for the effective elimination of pathogens. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because innate immunity does not suppress, replace, or function independently of adaptive immunity; rather, they work together in a coordinated manner to provide a comprehensive immune response.
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
- A. Clotting and sealing damaged blood vessels
- B. Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
- C. Protecting the body from foreign substances
- D. Producing hormones
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary function of white blood cells is to protect the body from foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. They do this by identifying and attacking these invaders to prevent infections and maintain overall health. White blood cells are a crucial part of the immune system and play a key role in defending the body against diseases. Clotting and sealing damaged blood vessels (choice A) is primarily done by platelets, not white blood cells. Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (choice B) is the function of red blood cells, not white blood cells. Producing hormones (choice D) is mainly performed by endocrine glands, not white blood cells.
What is hyperkalemia frequently associated with?
- A. Hypoglycemia
- B. Metabolic acidosis
- C. Respiratory alkalosis
- D. Decreased urine potassium levels
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metabolic acidosis increases hydrogen ion exchange for potassium in cells, releasing potassium into the bloodstream and causing hyperkalemia.
What role do cytokines play in innate immunity?
- A. They directly kill pathogens
- B. They act as signaling molecules to coordinate immune responses
- C. They only function in adaptive immunity
- D. They inhibit phagocytosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because cytokines act as signaling molecules to coordinate immune responses in innate immunity. They help regulate inflammation, activate immune cells, and promote clearance of pathogens. Option A is incorrect because cytokines do not directly kill pathogens. Option C is incorrect as cytokines play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Option D is incorrect because cytokines do not inhibit phagocytosis; instead, they enhance this process to help eliminate pathogens.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
- A. Activation of receptors such as TLRs often precedes inflammasome formation
- B. Extracellular ATP triggers inflammasome formation
- C. Some environmental triggers, such as asbestos, can induce inflammasome formation
- D. NLRP3 is found in complex with pro-caspase 1 in resting, non-activated cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because NLRP3 is not found in complex with pro-caspase 1 in resting, non-activated cells. Inflammasome formation requires assembly of NLRP3 with ASC and pro-caspase 1. Choices A, B, and C are correct statements because activation of receptors like TLRs can trigger inflammasome formation, extracellular ATP can induce inflammasome formation, and environmental triggers such as asbestos can also lead to inflammasome activation.