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How does parenting style influence child development?
- A. Authoritative parenting is associated with the best outcomes.
- B. Permissive parenting leads to the best outcomes.
- C. Neglectful parenting is associated with the best outcomes.
- D. Authoritarian parenting is the most effective in child development.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Authoritative parenting, which balances warmth and control, is associated with the best outcomes in child development. It fosters independence, self-regulation, and social competence in children. Choice B is incorrect because permissive parenting, which is characterized by low demands and high responsiveness, may lead to issues like lack of self-discipline. Choice C is incorrect as neglectful parenting, characterized by low demands and low responsiveness, can result in various negative outcomes for the child. Choice D is incorrect because authoritarian parenting, which is high on control but low on warmth, may lead to obedience but can also stifle a child's independence and creativity.
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What are some common methods used to study genetic influences on behavior?
- A. Genetic influences are studied only through twin studies.
- B. Common methods include twin studies, adoption studies, and gene mapping.
- C. Genetic influences on behavior are only studied through family history.
- D. Genetic influences on behavior are not well understood.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Common methods used to study genetic influences on behavior include twin studies, adoption studies, and gene mapping. Twin studies help to compare the similarities between identical and fraternal twins to estimate the heritability of a trait. Adoption studies look at the similarities between adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents to determine genetic influences. Gene mapping involves identifying specific genes associated with certain behaviors. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because genetic influences on behavior are not solely studied through twin studies or family history, and while the understanding of genetic influences may vary, there are established methods to study them.
An inborn trait that is relatively permanent and differentiates one person from another is known as ________.
- A. genotype
- B. phenotype
- C. temperament
- D. characteristic
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Temperament is the correct answer because it refers to an individual's inborn, relatively permanent trait that distinguishes one person from another. Genotype (choice A) refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, not necessarily a behavioral trait. Phenotype (choice B) is the observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction between its genotype and the environment. Characteristic (choice D) is a broad term that can encompass various traits and features, but it does not specifically denote an inborn and relatively permanent trait that sets individuals apart.
There is experimental evidence showing that consistently being discriminated against may cause a person to ________.
- A. be happy.
- B. be more conscious.
- C. have cardiovascular reactivity.
- D. have greater intelligence and wisdom.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'have cardiovascular reactivity.' Consistent discrimination can lead to increased cardiovascular reactivity, impacting heart health. Choice A ('be happy') is incorrect because discrimination typically causes distress and negative emotions. Choice B ('be more conscious') is not directly related to the impact of discrimination. Choice D ('have greater intelligence and wisdom') is also unrelated to the physiological response of cardiovascular reactivity caused by discrimination.
How can attributional style influence the likelihood of developing depression?
- A. By fostering a positive attributional style, individuals can enhance their resilience against depression.
- B. Attributional style does not significantly influence the development of depression.
- C. By adopting a negative attributional style, individuals increase their vulnerability to depression.
- D. Attributional style influences the likelihood of developing depression by determining how individuals interpret and respond to events.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because attributional style plays a crucial role in influencing the likelihood of developing depression by shaping how individuals interpret and respond to events. A positive attributional style can indeed enhance resilience against depression by promoting adaptive coping mechanisms and positive interpretations of situations, which can buffer against the development of depressive symptoms. Conversely, a negative attributional style, characterized by attributing negative events to internal, stable, and global factors, can increase vulnerability to depression by fostering feelings of helplessness and hopelessness. Choices A and C provide accurate insights into how different attributional styles can impact the development of depression, making them incorrect. Choice B is incorrect as research indicates that attributional style does have a significant influence on the likelihood of developing depression.
How do early life experiences shape brain development and behavior?
- A. Early life experiences have no impact on brain development.
- B. Early life experiences are crucial in shaping brain development and later behavior.
- C. Early life experiences are not significant in brain development.
- D. Early life experiences are easily overcome by adulthood.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Early life experiences are crucial in shaping brain development and later behavior. These experiences play a significant role in laying the foundation for future mental health and behavior. Choice A is incorrect because early life experiences do have a profound impact on brain development. Choice C is incorrect as early life experiences are indeed significant in brain development. Choice D is incorrect as early life experiences can have lasting effects into adulthood.