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How does physical activity impact mental health?
- A. Reduces anxiety and depression
- B. Improves mood, but decreases alertness
- C. Decreases mood, alertness, and energy
- D. Decreases neural activity in the cerebral cortex
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Physical activity is known to have a positive impact on mental health by reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. Choice B is incorrect because physical activity generally improves both mood and alertness. Choice C is incorrect as physical activity tends to increase mood, alertness, and energy levels. Choice D is incorrect as physical activity actually increases neural activity in the cerebral cortex, which is associated with improved cognitive function and mental well-being.
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When Reggie takes his baby son, Tyson, to his workplace for the first time, Reggie's assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office. Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie. Tyson is expressing __________.
- A. sadness
- B. stranger anxiety
- C. separation anxiety
- D. disgust
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tyson is experiencing stranger anxiety in this situation. Stranger anxiety is a common response in infants when they are exposed to unfamiliar people, causing distress and prompting the infant to seek comfort and familiarity, usually from their primary caregiver. This aligns with Tyson crying and reaching out for Reggie, as he is showing signs of discomfort and wariness towards the assistant, who is a stranger to him. Choice A, sadness, does not fit the scenario as Tyson's reaction is more related to fear and discomfort rather than sorrow. Choice C, separation anxiety, is not the correct answer in this context as separation anxiety pertains to distress when separated from a primary caregiver, not when encountering unfamiliar individuals. Choice D, disgust, is also not applicable as Tyson's behavior is not based on revulsion but rather on being in an unfamiliar and distressing situation.
Fraternal twins are ____________.
- A. genetically identical
- B. no more alike than ordinary siblings
- C. less common than other types of multiple offspring
- D. less likely with each additional birth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Fraternal twins are no more alike than ordinary siblings because they share about 50% of their genes, just like other siblings. Choice A is incorrect as fraternal twins are not genetically identical. Choice C is incorrect as fraternal twins are actually the most common type of multiple offspring. Choice D is incorrect as the likelihood of fraternal twins is not affected by the number of births a mother has had.
Today, Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of __________.
- A. behavior modification
- B. punishment
- C. cognition
- D. reinforcement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Albert Bandura's theory emphasizes the role of cognition in learning through observation. It highlights the significance of mental processes such as attention, memory, and motivation in shaping behavior. Choice A, behavior modification, focuses more on changing specific behaviors through various techniques. Choice B, punishment, involves the application of negative consequences to reduce the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Choice D, reinforcement, centers on the use of rewards or punishments to increase or decrease the probability of a behavior.
According to Jean Piaget, what is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds?
- A. imitation
- B. adaptation
- C. cognition
- D. equilibrium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: According to Jean Piaget, equilibrium is the balance between what children already know (internal structures) and the new information they encounter. Imitation (choice A) is not directly related to this concept. Adaptation (choice B) involves adjusting to new information and is part of Piaget's theory, but it does not specifically refer to the balance between internal structures and external information. Cognition (choice C) is a broader term that encompasses mental processes, including thinking, learning, and problem-solving, but it is not specifically about the balance between internal structures and external information as equilibrium is.
According to the cognitive perspective of perceptual development, what do babies do?
- A. are blank slates
- B. impose meaning on what they perceive
- C. actively search for discontinuous stimuli
- D. seek variant features in the environment
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to the cognitive perspective of perceptual development, babies impose meaning on what they perceive. This means that babies actively interpret and make sense of the stimuli they encounter. Choice A is incorrect because babies are not seen as blank slates in this context; they actively engage with their environment. Choice C is incorrect as babies do not necessarily search for discontinuous stimuli, but rather interpret what they perceive. Choice D is incorrect as seeking variant features in the environment is not a core concept of the cognitive perspective of perceptual development.