Nokea
How is the enzyme trypsin activated?
- A. By zymogen.
- B. By bile.
- C. By gastrin.
- D. By enterokinase.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: By enterokinase. Trypsin is activated by enterokinase, an enzyme secreted by the small intestine. Enterokinase plays a crucial role in converting trypsinogen into its active form, trypsin. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because trypsin is specifically activated by enterokinase, not by zymogen, bile, or gastrin.
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An important characteristic of amino acids is that they can:
- A. act as buffers.
- B. facilitate glucose storage.
- C. regulate heartbeat.
- D. control the level of blood cholesterol.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: act as buffers. Amino acids can act as buffers by helping to maintain the pH balance in the body. Choice B is incorrect because amino acids do not primarily facilitate glucose storage. Choice C is incorrect as amino acids do not regulate the heartbeat. Choice D is also incorrect because amino acids do not control the level of blood cholesterol.
Proteins from plant sources such as grains, nuts, and legumes are classified as:
- A. incomplete.
- B. complete.
- C. indispensable.
- D. dispensable.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'incomplete.' Proteins from plant sources like grains, nuts, and legumes are considered incomplete because they often lack one or more essential amino acids required by the body. Choice B, 'complete,' is incorrect because complete proteins contain all essential amino acids in adequate amounts. Choice C, 'indispensable,' is incorrect as it refers to essential amino acids rather than the classification of plant proteins. Choice D, 'dispensable,' is also incorrect as it implies that these proteins are not necessary, which is not the case.
Which lipoprotein increases the risk of cardiovascular disease?
- A. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
- B. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
- C. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
- D. Chylomicrons
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL is often referred to as 'bad cholesterol' because it can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered 'good cholesterol' as it helps remove LDL from the arteries, reducing the risk of cardiovascular issues. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicrons are also lipoproteins that transport fats in the bloodstream, but they are not as strongly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease as LDL.
Which condition may benefit from branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine)?
- A. cancer-related malnutrition
- B. marasmus
- C. cardiovascular disease
- D. severe depression
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Branched chain amino acids, such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine, are essential in preventing muscle breakdown. Therefore, they may be particularly important for a patient with cancer-related malnutrition, where maintaining muscle mass is crucial. Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency, not specifically related to cancer. Cardiovascular disease and severe depression do not have a direct correlation with the need for branched chain amino acids to prevent muscle breakdown.
Which option below is an example of a meal or snack that contains complementary proteins?
- A. an egg and cheese omelet
- B. a peanut butter sandwich
- C. trail mix with nuts and raisins
- D. mixed bean salad with green beans, kidney beans, and white beans
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, a peanut butter sandwich. A peanut butter sandwich combines grains from the bread and proteins from the nuts in the peanut butter, providing complementary proteins. This combination offers all essential amino acids. Choices A, C, and D do not contain complementary proteins as they lack the combination of different protein sources necessary to provide a complete amino acid profile.