Nokea
How many lobes does each lung have, and which lung has a cardiac notch?
- A. right lung has 2 lobes, the left lung has 3 lobes; the right lung has a cardiac notch
- B. right lung has 3 lobes, the left lung has 2 lobes; the right lung has a cardiac notch
- C. right lung has 2 lobes, the left lung has 3 lobes; the left lung has a cardiac notch
- D. right lung has 3 lobes, the left lung has 2 lobes; the left lung has a cardiac notch
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Identifying lobes - The right lung has 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower) while the left lung has 2 lobes (upper, lower).
Step 2: Cardiac notch - The cardiac notch is a concave space on the left lung where the heart lies. Therefore, the left lung has a cardiac notch.
Step 3: Correct choice - Option D states that the right lung has 3 lobes, the left lung has 2 lobes, and the left lung has a cardiac notch, which aligns with the anatomical features of the lungs.
Step 4: Incorrect choices - Choices A, B, and C have incorrect combinations of lobes and the presence of a cardiac notch, making them incorrect.
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A nurse cares for a client who had a bronchoscopy 2 hours ago. The client asks for a drink of water. Which action should the nurse take next?
- A. Call the physician and request a prescription for food and water.
- B. Provide the client with ice chips instead of a drink of water.
- C. Assess the client's gag reflex before giving any food or water.
- D. Let the client have a small sip to see whether he or she can swallow.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
1. Assessing the client's gag reflex is crucial after a bronchoscopy to prevent aspiration.
2. Gag reflex helps protect the airway from foreign substances entering the lungs.
3. Providing food or water without assessing the gag reflex can lead to aspiration pneumonia.
4. It is essential to ensure the client's safety before allowing any intake post-bronchoscopy.
Summary:
A: Calling the physician for a prescription is not necessary at this immediate stage.
B: Ice chips may still pose a risk if the client cannot protect their airway.
D: Allowing a sip without assessing gag reflex may lead to aspiration.
A nursing instructor asks a nursing student to describe the route of transmission of tuberculosis. The instructor concludes that the student understands this information if the student states that tuberculosis is transmitted by:
- A. Hand to mouth
- B. The airborne route
- C. The fecal-oral route
- D. Blood and body fluids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The airborne route. Tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing droplets containing the TB bacteria. These droplets can be inhaled by others, leading to the transmission of the disease. This mode of transmission is supported by scientific evidence and is well-documented in medical literature.
Choice A (Hand to mouth) is incorrect because TB is not typically transmitted through direct contact with contaminated hands to mouth. Choice C (The fecal-oral route) is incorrect as TB is not transmitted through fecal-oral route but primarily through respiratory droplets. Choice D (Blood and body fluids) is incorrect as TB is not commonly transmitted through blood or body fluids, but rather through respiratory droplets in the air.
A client is receiving oxygen at 4 L per nasal cannula. What comfort measure may the nurse delegate to assistive personnel (AP)?
- A. Apply water-soluble ointment to nares and lips.
- B. Periodically turn the oxygen down or off.
- C. Replaces the oxygen tubing with a different type.
- D. Turn the client every 2 hours or as needed.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because applying water-soluble ointment to nares and lips helps prevent skin breakdown and discomfort caused by the oxygen flow. This task is within the scope of practice for assistive personnel (AP) as it does not require specialized medical knowledge or training.
Choice B is incorrect because adjusting oxygen flow should only be done by licensed healthcare providers based on the client's prescribed oxygen therapy. Choice C is incorrect as replacing oxygen tubing requires knowledge of oxygen delivery systems and potential risks associated with incorrect tubing selection. Choice D is incorrect because turning the client every 2 hours is a nursing intervention related to preventing pressure ulcers, not specifically related to oxygen therapy comfort measures.
A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness?
- A. Pressure decreases and carbon dioxide rushes into cells
- B. Pressure changes too fast and the carbon dioxide in the blood forms bubbles
- C. Pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles
- D. The gas in the SCUBA tank had too much pressure and rapid ascent forces too much air into the blood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because as the SCUBA diver rises too fast, the pressure decreases rapidly. This causes the nitrogen gas that was dissolved in the blood at high pressure to form bubbles, leading to decompression sickness. Choice A is incorrect because carbon dioxide rushing into cells is not the cause of decompression sickness. Choice B is incorrect because it refers to carbon dioxide forming bubbles in the blood, which is not the mechanism of decompression sickness. Choice D is incorrect because it focuses on excess air from the SCUBA tank entering the blood, which is not the primary reason for decompression sickness.
A gerontologic nurse is analyzing the data from a patient's focused respiratory assessment. The nurse is aware that the amount of respiratory dead space increases with age. What is the effect of this physiological change?
- A. Increased diffusion of gases
- B. Decreased diffusion capacity for oxygen
- C. Decreased shunting of blood
- D. Increased ventilation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Decreased diffusion capacity for oxygen. With age, respiratory dead space increases, leading to a mismatch between ventilation and perfusion in the lungs. This results in a decrease in the ability of the lungs to effectively transfer oxygen into the bloodstream, reducing the diffusion capacity for oxygen. This physiological change can lead to decreased oxygenation of tissues and organs.
Summary:
A: Increased diffusion of gases - Incorrect. Increased dead space does not enhance gas diffusion; instead, it impairs gas exchange.
C: Decreased shunting of blood - Incorrect. Shunting refers to blood bypassing oxygenation in the lungs, which is not directly affected by dead space.
D: Increased ventilation - Incorrect. While dead space may lead to increased ventilation efforts, it does not directly improve oxygen diffusion capacity.