Nokea
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is characterized by underdevelopment of
- A. Pulmonary veins, ventricles and aortic valve
- B. Left ventricle, atrium and pulmonary vessels
- C. Aorta arch, venacava and right atrium
- D. Left ventricle, aortic valve and arch
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hypoplastic left heart syndrome involves underdevelopment of the left ventricle, aortic valve, and aortic arch. The left ventricle is typically small and unable to adequately pump blood to the body. The aortic valve is often malformed, leading to difficulties in blood flow from the heart to the body. Additionally, the aortic arch may be narrow or underdeveloped, further impacting blood circulation.
Choice A is incorrect as it includes the pulmonary veins, which are not typically affected in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Choice B is incorrect as it focuses on the left atrium and pulmonary vessels, which are not the primary structures affected in this condition. Choice C is incorrect as it mentions the aorta arch, venacava, and right atrium, which are not primarily associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which of the following statements is true with respect to adrenal tumors that produce gender symptoms?
- A. Feminizing adrenal tumors are almost always carcinomas
- B. Feminizing adrenal tumors are the most common type of adrenal tumor
- C. Virilizing tumors in women are most often localized to the adrenal cortex
- D. Virilizing adrenal tumors are more likely to be malignant in children
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Feminizing adrenal tumors are not always carcinomas, so A is incorrect.
Step 2: Virilizing tumors in women can originate from adrenal or extra-adrenal sites, so C is incorrect.
Step 3: Virilizing adrenal tumors are usually benign, especially in children, so D is incorrect.
Step 4: B is correct as feminizing adrenal tumors are rare but are the most common type of adrenal tumor causing gender symptoms.
The main feature in the initial stage of shock is
- A. Cyanosis
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Sweat beads
- D. Hypotension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Tachycardia. In the initial stage of shock, the body tries to compensate for decreased perfusion by increasing heart rate to maintain blood flow to vital organs. Cyanosis (A) is a late sign of shock due to inadequate oxygenation. Sweat beads (C) are a non-specific response and not a defining feature of shock. Hypotension (D) typically occurs in the later stages of shock as the body's compensatory mechanisms start to fail. Tachycardia is the earliest and most consistent sign of shock, reflecting the body's attempt to maintain cardiac output.
The baby dies immediately after birth due to the presence of
- A. Pulmonary stenosis
- B. Aortic coarctation
- C. Truncus arteriosus
- D. Ductus arteriosus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Truncus arteriosus. In this congenital heart defect, a single large blood vessel arises from the heart instead of the normal two separate vessels (aorta and pulmonary artery). This results in mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, leading to severe cyanosis and inadequate oxygen supply to the body. This condition is incompatible with life, causing immediate death after birth.
A: Pulmonary stenosis and B: Aortic coarctation are also congenital heart defects but do not typically result in immediate death after birth. Pulmonary stenosis obstructs blood flow to the lungs, while aortic coarctation causes narrowing of the aorta.
D: Ductus arteriosus is a normal fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta but usually closes shortly after birth. Failure of closure can lead to health issues, but it is not typically a cause of immediate death after birth.
The MAIN aim of encouraging plenty of fluids to a postnatal client with urinary tract trauma is to
- A. Keep client well hydrated
- B. Maintain proper fluid balance
- C. Facilitate proper healing
- D. Control growth of organisms
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Keep client well hydrated. Encouraging plenty of fluids helps prevent dehydration, maintain adequate urine output, and promote flushing of the urinary tract to prevent infections, all crucial for postnatal clients with urinary tract trauma. Proper hydration also supports overall health and aids in the healing process.
B: Maintain proper fluid balance - While important, the main aim is to keep the client well hydrated to support healing.
C: Facilitate proper healing - Proper hydration does facilitate healing, but the primary aim is to keep the client well hydrated.
D: Control growth of organisms - While hydration can help in preventing infections, the main aim is to keep the client well hydrated.
Productive cough, dyspnoea at rest, and generalized oedema are among the features of:
- A. Folate deficiency
- B. Very severe anaemia
- C. Mild iron deficiency
- D. Severe anaemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Very severe anaemia. Productive cough, dyspnoea at rest, and generalized oedema are classic symptoms of very severe anaemia due to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Anemia leads to tissue hypoxia, causing shortness of breath and fluid retention. Folate deficiency (A) typically presents with megaloblastic anemia, not generalized edema. Mild iron deficiency (C) may lead to fatigue and weakness but not the severe symptoms described. Severe anemia (D) is too broad; very severe anemia specifically refers to the severity of the condition.