Nokea
Identify which statements are correct.
- A. All bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
- B. All fungi have chitin in their cell walls.
- C. All algae have cellulose in their cell walls.
- D. All protozoans have protein in their cell walls.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because protozoans do not have cell walls. They are single-celled organisms that lack a rigid cell wall. This distinguishes them from other microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae which have distinct cell wall compositions such as peptidoglycan, chitin, and cellulose respectively. Choice A is incorrect as not all bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, some have other types of cell wall structures. Choice B is incorrect as not all fungi have chitin in their cell walls, some may have different components. Choice C is incorrect as not all algae have cellulose in their cell walls, there are variations in cell wall composition among different algal species.
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When the clinic nurse starts to take the "air cast" off the grade 2 sprain, the patient asks why it is being removed since he still has pain. Which explanation is best?
- A. "Long-term immobilization can interfere with adequate circulation."
- B. "Long-term immobilization may increase long-term edema."
- C. "Long-term immobilization can cause permanent disability."
- D. "This cast will be replaced with a heavier cast."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because long-term immobilization can indeed cause permanent disability in the case of a grade 2 sprain. Prolonged immobilization can lead to muscle atrophy, joint stiffness, and decreased range of motion, which can result in long-term disability. Choice A is incorrect because adequate circulation is more related to prolonged immobilization, not short-term removal for evaluation. Choice B is incorrect as edema is a short-term concern and not a direct result of long-term immobilization. Choice D is incorrect as there is no indication that a heavier cast will be used.
Deficiencies in the classical pathway of complement are associated with:
- A. Increased cancer risk
- B. Resistance to bacterial infections
- C. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- D. Overactivation of adaptive immunity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Deficiencies in the classical pathway lead to impaired clearance of immune complexes, hence contributing to SLE.
2. This pathway plays a crucial role in removing self-antigens and maintaining immune tolerance.
3. Increased cancer risk (A) is not directly linked to classical pathway deficiencies.
4. Resistance to bacterial infections (B) is more associated with deficiencies in the alternative pathway.
5. Overactivation of adaptive immunity (D) is not a direct consequence of classical pathway deficiencies.
Which type of cell produces antibodies?
- A. Helper T cells
- B. Plasma cells
- C. Cytotoxic T cells
- D. Regulatory T cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Plasma cells. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies in response to antigens. They are essential in the immune response to help fight off infections and other diseases. Helper T cells (A) assist other immune cells but do not directly produce antibodies. Cytotoxic T cells (C) are responsible for killing infected cells, not producing antibodies. Regulatory T cells (D) help regulate the immune response but do not produce antibodies. In summary, only plasma cells are specifically designed to produce antibodies in the immune system.
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) can be found
- A. In soluble form in the blood
- B. In the cytosol of cells
- C. On endosomal membranes
- D. All of the above are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that recognize specific molecular patterns associated with pathogens. They can be found in various locations within the body, including in soluble form in the blood (Choice A), in the cytosol of cells (Choice B), and on endosomal membranes (Choice C). Therefore, the correct answer is D, "All of the above are correct," as PRRs can indeed be located in all of these locations. PRRs play a crucial role in the innate immune response by detecting and responding to pathogens, making their presence in multiple cellular compartments essential for effective immune surveillance and defense.
Which characteristic describes immunoglobulin E (select all that apply)?
- A. Assists in parasitic infections
- B. Responsible for allergic reactions
- C. Present on the lymphocyte surface
- D. Protects body surfaces and mucous membranes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: IgE is involved in defense against parasites and is responsible for triggering allergic reactions by binding to mast cells and basophils.