Nokea
If A represents atomic mass and Z represents atomic number, which of the following describes an atom after a proton is emitted from its nucleus?
- A. A+1, Z-1
- B. A-1, Z+1
- C. A+1, Z+1
- D. A-1, Z-1
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: When a proton is emitted from the nucleus of an atom, the atomic mass (A) remains the same while the atomic number (Z) decreases by 1. This is because a proton carries a positive charge and has a mass of 1 atomic mass unit. Therefore, the correct description after the emission of a proton is A-1, Z-1. The atomic mass decreases by 1 because a proton is lost, and the atomic number decreases by 1 since the nucleus loses a positively charged particle.
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What type of tissue largely makes up the pharynx?
- A. Bone
- B. Muscle
- C. Nervous
- D. Cartilage
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The pharynx is mostly composed of muscle tissue, which enables it to carry out functions like swallowing and breathing. Muscles in the pharynx contract to propel food into the esophagus during swallowing and aid in vocalization and respiration.
Which of the following structures is correctly associated with its immune function?
- A. Bone marrow destroys worn out red and white blood cells.
- B. Tonsils are where T-cells are generated and mature.
- C. The spleen removes germs from the blood.
- D. Peyer's patches are where B-cells are generated and mature.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The spleen is responsible for filtering blood and removing germs, making option C the correct association of structure and immune function.
Blockage and inflammation of which of the following structures most often leads to facial acne?
- A. Lacrimal glands
- B. Sebaceous glands
- C. Ceruminous glands
- D. Sudoriferous glands
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum, an oily substance that can clog pores when overproduced or combined with dead skin cells. This blockage promotes the growth of acne-causing bacteria and leads to inflammation. The other glands listed in the choices do not play a significant role in the development of facial acne. Ceruminous glands produce earwax (cerumen) to protect the ear canal, sudoriferous glands produce sweat to regulate body temperature, and lacrimal glands produce tears to lubricate and protect the eyes.
Which of the following tools can be used to measure the turbidity of a liquid by assessing the transmission of light through the sample?
- A. Spectrophotometer
- B. Microdensitometer
- C. Electrophoresis apparatus
- D. Centrifuge
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A spectrophotometer is an instrument commonly employed to determine the amount of light absorbed by a substance in a liquid sample. Turbidity, the cloudiness or haziness of a liquid due to suspended particles, can be quantified using a spectrophotometer by analyzing the transmission of light through the sample. In contrast, a microdensitometer measures optical density, an electrophoresis apparatus separates macromolecules based on size and charge, and a centrifuge isolates substances according to density or size via centrifugal force. None of the alternative tools directly relate to assessing turbidity through light transmission, making option A, the spectrophotometer, the correct choice.
Which of the following substances is responsible for donating H+ ions to act as a buffer when blood pH rises?
- A. Carbon Monoxide
- B. Oxygen
- C. Carbon Dioxide
- D. Carbonic Acid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Carbonic acid is a pivotal buffer in blood that plays a key role in maintaining pH balance. When blood pH rises, indicating increased alkalinity, carbonic acid releases hydrogen ions (H+) to counterbalance the excess base, thereby preventing significant changes in pH levels. This mechanism highlights the essential function of carbonic acid in regulating the acid-base equilibrium in the blood.