Nokea
If an incision had to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, which tunica would be cut first?
- A. muscularis
- B. mucosa
- C. submucosa
- D. serosa
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The serosa is the outermost layer of the small intestine and would be the first layer cut during surgery.
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Peptide hormones are made of protein and are water soluble. They can therefore:
- A. Pass straight through the lipid bilayer and react with other molecules inside the cell
- B. React to a specific binding site on the outside of the membrane and create a secondary response
- C. Pass through a protein channel to the inside of the cell and then react with other molecules inside the cell
- D. Don't react with anything on the membrane or in the cell but cause their effect by other processes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Peptide hormones bind to membrane receptors, triggering secondary messengers inside the cell.
The loop of Henle pumps sodium ions from the ascending arm to the descending. What is this called?
- A. Counter current subtractor
- B. Counter current divider
- C. Counter current concentrator
- D. Counter current multiplier
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle concentrates urine by moving sodium ions.
A 40-year-old patient presents with frequent episodes of heartburn, regurgitation, and a sour taste in the mouth after meals. Symptoms are worse when lying down or bending over. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
- A. Gastric ulcer
- B. Hiatal hernia
- C. Pancreatitis
- D. Peptic esophagitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hiatal hernia allows acid reflux into the esophagus, worsened by lying down or bending, causing heartburn and regurgitation.
What are the substrate and end-products of digestion by the enzyme lipase?
- A. substrate: triglycerides, end-products: fatty acids and glycerol
- B. substrate: proteins, end-products: amino acids
- C. substrate: carbohydrates, end-products: monosaccharides
- D. substrate: nucleic acids, end-products: nucleotides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides into their component fatty acids and glycerol.
Taste buds are found in the following areas EXCEPT:
- A. Oral mucosa & soft palate
- B. Esophagus
- C. Laryngeal surface of Epiglottis
- D. Tongue papilla
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Taste buds are absent in the esophagus; they are present on the tongue, soft palate, and epiglottis for taste perception.