Nokea
If the needs of the infant are met in a loving, consistent manner, the infant will develop a sense of:
- A. Trust
- B. Love
- C. Independence
- D. Responsibility
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Trust. According to Erikson's psychosocial development theory, when infants receive consistent and loving care, they develop trust. This trust forms the basis of the first stage of psychosocial development, known as Trust vs. Mistrust. Trust is essential for healthy social and emotional development. Choice B, Love, is incorrect as it is more of an emotion than a developmental stage. Choice C, Independence, typically occurs later in development during Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage. Choice D, Responsibility, is also not the correct answer as it relates more to later stages of development where individuals develop a sense of duty and obligation.
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What nursing consideration is most important when caring for a child with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?
- A. Children with ESRD usually adapt well to minor inconveniences of treatment.
- B. Children with ESRD require extensive support until they outgrow the condition.
- C. Multiple stresses are placed on children with ESRD and their families until the illness is cured.
- D. Multiple stresses are placed on children with ESRD and their families because children's lives are maintained by drugs and artificial means.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: ESRD places significant stress on both the child and the family due to the ongoing need for dialysis, medications, and lifestyle restrictions, making it important for healthcare providers to offer extensive support and resources to manage these challenges.
Which finding suggests fluid volume deficit in an infant presenting with vomiting and diarrhea for 2 days?
- A. Increased blood pressure
- B. A sunken fontanel
- C. Decreased pulse rate
- D. Low urine specific gravity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A sunken fontanel is a classic sign of dehydration in infants, indicating a fluid volume deficit. In dehydration, the fontanel sinks due to decreased fluid volume in the body. Increased blood pressure (Choice A) is not typically associated with dehydration in infants. Decreased pulse rate (Choice C) is not a common finding in fluid volume deficit, as the body tries to increase the heart rate to compensate for decreased volume. Low urine specific gravity (Choice D) may be seen in dehydration, but it is not as specific or as easily observable as a sunken fontanel.
A child has a nasogastric (NG) tube after surgery for Hirschsprung disease. What is the purpose of the NG tube?
- A. Prevent the spread of infection.
- B. Monitor electrolyte balance.
- C. Prevent abdominal distention.
- D. Maintain accurate records of output.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary purpose of an NG tube post-surgery for Hirschsprung disease is to prevent abdominal distention by decompressing the stomach and intestines. This helps prevent complications and promotes healing.
When should a child receive the first dose of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine if the mother is hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative?
- A. 2 months of age, before hospital discharge.
- B. Birth before discharge from the hospital.
- C. 6 months of age, at the third well-child visit.
- D. No time (this vaccine is not currently recommended).
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: If the mother is HBsAg negative, it is recommended that the child receives the first dose of the hepatitis B vaccine at birth before discharge from the hospital. This is to provide early protection against the hepatitis B virus. The second dose of the vaccine is typically given at the first well-child visit, and the third dose is usually administered at a later date. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics govern the recommendations for immunization, including the hepatitis B virus vaccine. Choice A is incorrect as the first dose should ideally be given at birth. Choice C is incorrect as waiting until 6 months of age may leave the child vulnerable to infection during the early months of life. Choice D is incorrect as the hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all newborns, especially if the mother is HBsAg negative, to prevent transmission of the virus.
The nurse is preparing to admit a child to the hospital with a diagnosis of minimal change nephrotic syndrome. The nurse understands that the peak age at onset for this disease is what?
- A. 2 to 3 years
- B. 4 to 5 years
- C. 6 to 7 years
- D. 8 to 9 years
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The peak age for the onset of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) is typically between 4 and 5 years old. MCNS is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, particularly within this age range.