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In a patient with leukocytosis with a shift to the left, what does the nurse recognize as causing this finding?
- A. The complement system has been activated to enhance phagocytosis.
- B. Monocytes are released into the blood in larger-than-normal amounts.
- C. The response to cellular injury is not adequate to remove damaged tissue and promote healing.
- D. The demand for neutrophils causes the release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A 'shift to the left' refers to an increase in immature neutrophils in circulation, which occurs when there is a high demand for neutrophils due to infection or inflammation. This phenomenon indicates that the bone marrow is releasing immature neutrophils to meet the body's needs.
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What is a characteristic feature of Goodpasture's syndrome?
- A. Granuloma formation
- B. Pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis
- C. Contact dermatitis
- D. Bronchoconstriction and vasodilation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. Goodpasture's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies, leading to damage in the kidneys (glomerulonephritis) and lungs (pulmonary hemorrhage). Granuloma formation (A), contact dermatitis (C), and bronchoconstriction and vasodilation (D) are not characteristic features of Goodpasture's syndrome. Granulomas are more commonly seen in conditions like sarcoidosis, contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition, and bronchoconstriction and vasodilation are features of allergic reactions or asthma, not typically seen in Goodpasture's syndrome.
A client is being taught about the transmission of HIV and is taught that body fluids such as blood,semen and vaginal secretions can transmit the virus. What is the other body fluid that the HIV virus can be transmitted through?
- A. Saliva
- B. Tears
- C. Sweat
- D. Breast milk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: HIV can be transmitted through breast milk,making it a risk factor for mother-to-child transmission.
What is the medical term for an abnormal decrease in platelets?
- A. Leukopenia
- B. Thrombocytopenia
- C. Anemia
- D. Hemolysis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thrombocytopenia, which refers to an abnormal decrease in platelets. Platelets are crucial for blood clotting. Leukopenia (A) is a decrease in white blood cells, not platelets. Anemia (C) is a decrease in red blood cells, not platelets. Hemolysis (D) is the breakdown of red blood cells, not related to platelet count. Therefore, B is the correct answer as it specifically addresses a decrease in platelet count, leading to potential bleeding issues.
What is the role of a nurse during the scratch test to detect allergies?
- A. Applying the liquid test antigen
- B. Measuring the length and width of the raised wheal
- C. Determining the type of allergy
- D. Documenting the findings
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The nurse measures the size of the wheal and flare reaction to determine the severity of the allergic response.
Factors important in the eradication of smallpox include
- A. Smallpox is a human pathogen; it is not found in animals.
- B. The vaccine was easily delivered and did not require sophisticated materials or technical skills
- C. The disease is contagious only when the symptoms are manifest making isolation an effective measure
- D. All of the above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the factors mentioned are important in the eradication of smallpox. A is correct because smallpox is specific to humans, simplifying eradication efforts. B is correct as the vaccine was easily deployable. C is correct as isolation of symptomatic individuals helped control the spread. Therefore, all choices are important in the successful eradication of smallpox.