Human Growth and Development Exam 1

Human Growth and Development Exam 1 Related

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In a structured observation, each participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest because the researcher designs a specific set of conditions or tasks for all participants to engage in, providing a standardized environment for observation.

  • A. clinical interview
  • B. naturalistic observation
  • C. structured observation
  • D. case study
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In a structured observation, each participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest because the researcher designs a specific set of conditions or tasks for all participants to engage in, providing a standardized environment for observation. This allows for fair and equitable observations across all participants, ensuring that each individual has the same opportunities to exhibit the behavior being studied.

Choice A, clinical interview, typically involves a one-on-one interaction between a researcher and a participant focusing on collecting information through questions and answers, not providing equal opportunities for behavior display.

Choice B, naturalistic observation, involves observing individuals in their natural environment without intervention or manipulation of conditions, which may not always ensure equal opportunities for behavior display.

Choice D, case study, focuses on in-depth analysis of a single individual or a small group, providing detailed information but not necessarily ensuring equal opportunities for behavior display among participants.

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Low-level radiation, resulting from industrial leakage or medical X-rays, __________.

  • A. is harmful only when combined with other teratogens
  • B. can increase the risk of childhood cancer
  • C. rarely causes lasting damage
  • D. is safe during the last trimester
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Low-level radiation, whether from industrial leakage or medical X-rays, can increase the risk of childhood cancer by potentially damaging the developing fetus's cells. Even though the risk is relatively low, it is still a significant concern that should be acknowledged and monitored closely, especially during prenatal development. Choice A is incorrect as low-level radiation can still be harmful on its own without the need to be combined with other teratogens. Choice C is incorrect because low-level radiation exposure can indeed cause lasting damage, especially in the context of childhood cancer risk. Choice D is incorrect because low-level radiation exposure, even during the last trimester, can pose risks to the developing fetus and is not considered entirely safe.

In a longitudinal design, participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they get older.

  • A. cross-sectional
  • B. experimental
  • C. longitudinal
  • D. correlational
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: longitudinal. In a longitudinal design, participants are followed and studied over an extended period, allowing researchers to observe changes and continuity in development as individuals age. This design is crucial for understanding how individuals grow and change over time. Cross-sectional studies (Choice A) involve comparing different groups at the same time point, while experimental studies (Choice B) involve manipulating variables to observe their effects. Correlational studies (Choice D) examine relationships between variables but do not involve studying participants over time.

Which research method was borrowed from the field of anthropology?

  • A. ethnography
  • B. clinical interview
  • C. structured interview
  • D. systematic observation
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: ethnography. Ethnography is a research method borrowed from the field of anthropology. It involves observing and documenting behaviors and interactions in a naturalistic setting. This method allows researchers to gain insight into the cultural context and practices of a group through direct observation and participation. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because clinical interviews, structured interviews, and systematic observations are research methods used in different contexts and fields, not borrowed specifically from anthropology.

Which of the following best describes a sequential design?

  • A. Does not address diversity in developmental outcomes.
  • B. Permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating.
  • C. Is less efficient than a longitudinal design.
  • D. Makes cross-sectional, but not longitudinal, comparisons.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A sequential design permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating. This design involves combining cross-sectional and longitudinal research, allowing for the comparison of different cohorts at different ages. By using this approach, researchers can determine if developmental changes observed are due to age or generation-specific factors. Therefore, a sequential design is valuable in addressing the potential influence of cohort effects on developmental outcomes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because a sequential design does not neglect diversity in developmental outcomes, is not necessarily less efficient than a longitudinal design, and can make both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons.

According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development is four-year-old R'Monte who engages in make-believe play by stirring beads in a bowl and saying, "Soup is ready!"?

  • A. sensorimotor
  • B. preoperational
  • C. concrete operational
  • D. sociocultural
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, four-year-old Rƒ¢¢â€š¬¢â€ž¢Monte's engagement in make-believe play, such as pretending to stir beads in a bowl and creating imaginary soup, indicates that he is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. This stage is characterized by symbolic thinking, pretend play, language development, and egocentrism. Choice A, sensorimotor, is incorrect as this stage occurs in infancy and focuses on sensory experiences and object permanence. Choice C, concrete operational, is incorrect as this stage occurs around ages 7-11 and involves logical reasoning about concrete events. Choice D, sociocultural, is incorrect as it does not correspond to Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

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