Nokea
In an example of a male with hemophilia and a female carrier, what ratio of the offspring are predicted neither to carry nor to manifest the disease?
- A. 0 females : 1 male
- B. 1 female : 1 male
- C. 1 female : 0 males
- D. 2 females : 1 male
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In this scenario, the male offspring will inherit the Y chromosome from the father and the X chromosome from the carrier mother. As a result, they will not have the hemophilia gene. The female offspring will inherit one X chromosome from the mother, which does not carry the hemophilia gene, and one X chromosome from the father, which does not exist due to the Y chromosome. Therefore, all female offspring will not carry or manifest hemophilia, resulting in a ratio of 2 females to 1 male. Choice A is incorrect because it does not account for the female offspring. Choices B and C are incorrect as they do not reflect the correct ratio based on the inheritance pattern of hemophilia.
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What happens to messenger RNA when it reaches the cytoplasm?
- A. It attaches to a ribosome.
- B. It unzips, exposing nitrogen bases.
- C. It pairs with the DNA bases.
- D. It pulls free of the DNA strand.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. When mRNA reaches the cytoplasm, it attaches to a ribosome. The ribosome functions as the site for protein synthesis through translation, where the genetic code carried by mRNA is read and translated into a specific sequence of amino acids. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because mRNA does not unzip, expose nitrogen bases, pair with DNA bases, or pull free of the DNA strand in the cytoplasm. The primary function of mRNA in the cytoplasm is to serve as a template for protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes.
Which light color would be most effective for growing green plants indoors?
- A. Blue
- B. Yellow
- C. Green
- D. Orange
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Blue light is the most effective color for growing green plants indoors. Blue light has a higher energy level compared to other colors, which is crucial for promoting vegetative growth, strong stems, and lush foliage in plants. Additionally, blue light helps regulate plant growth hormones, making it essential for the overall health and development of green plants. Yellow, green, and orange light do not provide the necessary energy levels or spectrum needed for optimal plant growth, making them less effective choices for growing green plants indoors.
What happens during anaphase?
- A. Chromosomes move to opposite ends of the spindle.
- B. Nuclear membrane and nucleoli disintegrate.
- C. Chromatids line up at the center of the spindle.
- D. Nuclear membrane and nucleoli form.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: During anaphase, the sister chromatids, joined at the centromere, separate and move towards opposite ends of the spindle apparatus. This movement ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes. Choice B is incorrect as the disintegration of the nuclear membrane and nucleoli occurs during prophase. Choice C is incorrect as chromatids align at the center of the spindle during metaphase, not anaphase. Choice D is incorrect as the formation of the nuclear membrane and nucleoli occurs during telophase, not anaphase.
Patient A, who weighs 68 kilograms, steps onto a scale 20 times. The scale consistently weighs Patient A as 75 kilograms. What is true of the measurement?
- A. It is valid, but not reliable.
- B. It is reliable, but not valid.
- C. It is both valid and reliable.
- D. It is neither reliable nor valid.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'It is reliable, but not valid.' The measurement is reliable because it consistently provides the same result (75 kg). However, it is not valid because it does not accurately reflect the true weight of Patient A (68 kg). Choice A is incorrect because if the scale consistently shows the same weight (75 kg), it is reliable. Choice C is incorrect because although the scale is consistent, the measurement does not reflect the true weight, making it not valid. Choice D is incorrect as the measurement is reliable but lacks validity.
Which gives the order of four taxonomic categories from least to most specific?
- A. Kingdom, phylum, class, order
- B. Kingdom, phylum, order, class
- C. Kingdom, order, phylum, class
- D. Kingdom, class, order, phylum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct order of the four taxonomic categories from least to most specific is Kingdom, phylum, class, and order. This sequence adheres to the hierarchical system of classification where organisms are grouped based on shared characteristics, becoming more specific as you move from Kingdom to order. Choice B is incorrect as the order of 'order' and 'class' is swapped. Choice C is incorrect as 'order' precedes 'phylum' instead of following it. Choice D is incorrect as 'class' should come before 'order'.