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In autistic spectrum disorder when as individual exhibits immediate imitation of words or sounds they have just heard, this is known as:
- A. Echoastic disorder
- B. Phonological inhibition
- C. Echolalia
- D. Grapheme dysfunction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Echolalia: The immediate imitation of words or sounds heard, a common feature in autistic spectrum disorder.
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The wife of a client who is being seen in the sleep clinic states that her husband snores terribly at night and that she has to shake him to get him to stop. The client complains of a headache upon wakening and often falls asleep during the day when he sits for long periods. This client is exhibiting signs and symptoms characteristic of:
- A. narcolepsy.
- B. parasomnia.
- C. sleep apnea.
- D. primary hypersomnia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: sleep apnea. The client's symptoms of loud snoring, need to be shaken to stop snoring, morning headache, daytime sleepiness, and falling asleep during the day are all classic signs of sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or shallow breathing during sleep, leading to poor sleep quality and daytime symptoms. Narcolepsy (choice A) involves excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden muscle weakness, which are not mentioned here. Parasomnia (choice B) refers to abnormal behaviors during sleep, such as sleepwalking or night terrors, which are not described in the scenario. Primary hypersomnia (choice D) is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness without a clear cause, which is not consistent with the client's symptoms.
Which documentation indicates that the treatment plan for a patient with acute mania was effective?
- A. Converses without interrupting; clothing matched; participates in activities.
- B. Irritable; suggestible; distractible; napped for 10 minutes in afternoon.
- C. Attention span 1 to 3 minutes; journals frequently about unit activities.
- D. Heavy makeup; seductive toward staff; pressured speech.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the behaviors described indicate that the patient is able to converse without interrupting, their clothing matches, and they participate in activities. These behaviors suggest improved impulse control, stable mood, and engagement in daily activities, indicating effectiveness of the treatment plan.
Choice B describes symptoms of mania such as irritability and distractibility, which would indicate ongoing symptoms rather than improvement. Choice C indicates a short attention span and excessive journaling, which are not indicative of effective treatment. Choice D describes behaviors suggestive of hypersexuality and pressured speech, which are not signs of improvement in acute mania.
A 45-year-old man develops weakness and wasting of the right hand. Which one of the following is least likely to be the cause?
- A. Old injury to the elbow joint.
- B. Bronchogenic carcinoma of the right upper lobe.
- C. Multiple sclerosis.
- D. Syringomyelia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Multiple sclerosis (C) typically causes sensory and motor symptoms but rarely isolated hand wasting, which is more characteristic of peripheral nerve or motor neuron issues. Old injury (A), lung cancer (B, via brachial plexus), syringomyelia (D), and motor neurone disease (E) are more directly linked to such symptoms.
The nurse in the Emergency Department is taking a history from a family accompanying a child with suspicious traumatic injuries. The nurse should:
- A. Obtain information as covertly as possible
- B. Avoid responding to hints that abuse has occurred
- C. Be open, concerned, and honest
- D. Separate the family from the child during the interview
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because being open, concerned, and honest fosters trust, encourages disclosure, and promotes a supportive environment for the family. This approach allows the nurse to gather necessary information effectively and ensure the safety and well-being of the child. Choice A is incorrect as covert behavior may lead to suspicion and hinder communication. Choice B is incorrect because ignoring hints of abuse can be detrimental to the child's safety. Choice D is incorrect as separating the family may escalate tension and prevent crucial information sharing.
In DSM-IV-TR intellectual disabilities are divided into a number of degrees of severity, depending primarily on the range of IQ score provided by the sufferer. One of these is Profound Mental Retardation, represented by an IQ score below:
- A. 20-25
- B. 25-30
- C. 15-20
- D. 15-Oct
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Profound Mental Retardation: Defined by DSM-IV-TR as an IQ score below 20-25.